ABSTRACT
During late 2019, the first cases of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) were observed in a Seafood Market in Wuhan. As the first cases took place in a seafood market that consumed live animals, it has been identified as a zoonotic disease. Some reports suggested snakes were the animal host, while others reported bat and pangolin were the sources of infection because coronavirus-origin of these two animals had similar genomic sequences to COVID-19. The common diagnosis method for detection COVID-19 was according to clinical manifestation, epidemiological histories, and ancillary tests, like CT scan, nucleic acid detection, immune identification technology, blood culture, Radiology, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This review presented a perspective about current knowledge about COVID-19 in different aspects including probable zoonotic origins, and Coronaviruses classification was discussed in this context. In addition, epidemiology, clinical signs, treatment, and management strategies for controlling COVID-19 were also highlighted.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Animals , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/therapy , Humans , Zoonoses/diagnosis , Zoonoses/therapyABSTRACT
During late 2019, the first cases of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) were observed in a Seafood Market in Wuhan. As the first cases took place in a seafood market that consumed live animals, it has been identified as a zoonotic disease. Some reports suggested snakes were the animal host, while others reported bat and pangolin were the sources of infection because coronavirus-origin of these two animals had similar genomic sequences to COVID-19. The common diagnosis method for detection COVID-19 was according to clinical manifestation, epidemiological histories, and ancillary tests, like CT scan, nucleic acid detection, immune identification technology, blood culture, Radiology, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This review presented a perspective about current knowledge about COVID-19 in different aspects including probable zoonotic origins, and Coronaviruses classification was discussed in this context. In addition, epidemiology, clinical signs, treatment, and management strategies for controlling COVID-19 were also highlighted
A finales de 2019 se observaron los primeros casos de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) en un mercado de mariscos en Wuhan. Como los primeros casos tuvieron lugar en un mercado de mariscos en el que se consumían animales vivos, ha sido identificada como enfermedad zoonótica. Algunos informes han sugerido que el animal huésped fue la serpiente, mientras otros han reportado que el murciélago y el pangolín fueron las fuentes de infección, ya que el origen del coronavirus de estos dos animales tenía secuencias genómicas similares a las de COVID-19. Los métodos diagnósticos comunes para la detección de COVID-19, de acuerdo con la manifestación clínica fueron los siguientes: antecedentes epidemiológicos y pruebas complementarias como TC, detección de ácido nucleico, tecnología de identificación de inmunidad, cultivos de sangre, radiología y pruebas ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Esta revisión presentó un compendio acerca del conocimiento actual sobre la COVID-19 en diferentes aspectos, incluyendo sus probables orígenes zoonóticos, debatiéndose la clasificación de los coronavirus en este contexto. También se destacaron su epidemiología, signos clínicos, tratamiento y estrategias terapéuticas para el control de la COVID-19
Subject(s)
Humans , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Pandemics/statistics & numerical data , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
The aim of this study was optimization of culture medium in direction of increasing the production rate of desferrioxamine B. Streptomycetes are the most widely studied and well known genus of the actinomycete family. Streptomycetes usually inhabit soil and are important decomposers. The genus Streptomyces are Gram-positive and GC rich bacteria that are important for production of many antibiotics and secondary metabolites. These metabolites are important in industrial and medical fields. Deferoxamines (also known as desferrioxamine B, desferoxamine B, DFO-B, DFOA, DFB or desferal) are low-molecular-weight, iron-chelating compounds (siderophores) produced and secreted by many actinomycetes, including species of Streptomyces, Nocardia and Micromonospora. Streptomyces pilosus synthesizes the siderofore desferrioxamine B. Desferrioxamine B is used clinically to treat disorders related to iron overload and pathological iron deposition in human. Our results revealed that the use of soybean as a base medium plus additives such as Na2HPO4.12H2O, NaH2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, CaCl2.2H2O, NaCl, MnSO4, NH4Cl, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, some of the amino acids and vitamins increased the production of desferrioxamine B about 8 times in comparison with the control.
