ABSTRACT
Children and adolescents are the largest at-risk group for the appearance of reflex seizures or epilepsy syndromes with a photoparoxysmal response. The aim of this study was to present an overview of the literature regarding photo-dependent reflex seizures. Epilepsy with seizures provoked by intermittent light stimulation is a distinct group of epilepsies; therefore, we focused on reflex seizures provoked by different factors whose common feature is the patient's response to intermittent photic stimulation. A qualitative search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library electronic databases for selected terms was carried out for scientific articles published up to May 2020 outlining the outcomes of control, observational, and case studies. This scoping review was developed and followed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The review of the qualitative evidence for the synthesis of photosensitive epilepsy allowed us to distinguish the following categories: light-induced seizures and light-deprived seizures. Differentiating between intermittent photic stimulation-related epilepsy syndromes and seizures is essential in order to determine the length of appropriate treatment. Photo-dependent reflex seizures make up the majority of this type of disorder among reflex seizures. Since there are many seizures provoking factors in the world around us, it is important to distinguish amongst them in order to be able to protect the patient exposed to this factor. It is recommended that the photostimulation procedure be performed during a routine electroencephalogram study.
ABSTRACT
After the events of 9/11, many police-responders developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and were potentially vulnerable to developing depression and/or anxiety; in addition, nearly half of police with probable PTSD had comorbid depression and anxiety. Having in mind that victims who experience the effects of terrorism are exposed to high levels of psychological damage, we thus aimed to determine how sequelae of a terrorist act directly and indirectly affect victims. Quantitative synthesis findings were concluded on the basis of 200 records that met the inclusion criteria out of a total of 650. We grouped the patients according to their level of exposure to the WTC terrorist attack on 11 September 2001. The Level I group included individuals who had experienced the traumatic event and/or those who had observed the attack. The Level II group consisted of rescuers and/or persons who cleaned up debris in the area after the attack. The Level III group comprised the victims' families. Our research enabled us to create a profile for those who were most vulnerable to mental disorders after the WTC terrorist attack. Patients who had survived the terrorist attack and/or those who had observed the incident exhibited fewer traumatic symptoms and a lower percentage of suicidal thoughts in comparison to individuals who had worked as rescuers or cleaning staff in the area after the attack. The number of symptoms rose along with increased contact time with the stressor. The dominant symptom was the triad of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The findings may confirm the positive effect of protracted court cases in legal proceedings for compensation on the maintenance and development of psychopathology. Our research may contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of terrorism outcomes on the human psyche and be used in the development of standards for dealing with victims of terrorism's impact.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased risk of disturbances in the functioning of everyday life, directly or indirectly has influenced the risk of mental disorders in the most vulnerable populations, including pregnant women. The aim of this study was to analyze adverse mental health effects in the pregnant population during the COVID-19 pandemic, investigate risk factors for adverse mental health outcomes, identify protective factors, and create practical implications for clinical practice, bearing in mind the need to improve perinatal mental healthcare during such pandemics. Qualitative research was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Sciences for the keywords COVID-19, pregnancy, depression, anxiety, and telemedicine for relevant critical articles (n = 3280) published from 2020 until October 2021, outlining the outcomes of control studies, meta-analysis, cross-sectional studies, face-to-face evaluation survey studies, remotely administered survey studies, and observational studies regarding the main topic; all were evaluated. Mental health problems among pregnant women linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, in most cases, show symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD and may cause adverse outcomes in pregnancy and fetus and newborn development, even at later stages of life. Therefore, useful implications for clinical practice for improving the adverse mental health outcomes of pregnant women associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are highly desirable. Our research findings support and advocate the need to modify the scope of healthcare provider practice in the event of a disaster, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and may be implemented and adopted by healthcare providers as useful implications for clinical practice.
