Functional characterization and structural insights of three cutinases from the ascomycete Fusarium verticillioides.

Cutinases are serine esterases that belong to the α/ß hydrolases superfamily. The natural substrates for these enzymes are cutin and suberin, components of the plant cuticle, the first barrier in the defense system against pathogen invasion. It is well-reported that plant pathogens produce cutinases to facilitate infection. Fusarium verticillioides, one important corn pathogens, is an ascomycete upon which its cutinases are poorly explored. Consequently, the objective of this study was to perform the biochemical characterization of three precursor cutinases (FvCut1, FvCut2, and FvCut3) from F. verticillioides and to obtain structural insights about them. The cutinases were produced in Escherichia coli and purified. FvCut1, FvCut2, and FvCut3 presented optimal temperatures of 20, 40, and 35 °C, and optimal pH of 9, 7, and 8, respectively. Some chemicals stimulated the enzymatic activity. The kinetic parameters revealed that FvCut1 has higher catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) in the p-nitrophenyl-butyrate (p-NPB) substrate. Nevertheless, the enzymes were not able to hydrolyze polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Furthermore, the three-dimensional models of these enzymes showed structural differences among them, mainly FvCut1, which presented a narrower opening cleft to access the catalytic site. Therefore, our study contributes to exploring the diversity of fungal cutinases and their potential biotechnological applications.

Strategy to increase the lipid stability of the microbial oil produced by Umbelopsis isabellina for food purposes: Use of microencapsulation by external ionic gelation.

Oleaginous microorganisms, including the fungus Umbelopsis isabellina, have emerged as a biotechnological alternative to obtain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich oils, which are strongly linked to energy purposes (biofuel) than the food industry. Considering the composition of microbial oil and its use by the food industry, it is necessary to investigate strategies that increase its lipid stability. Ergo, this pioneering study aimed to microencapsulate the oil produced by Umbelopsis isabellina and evaluate its oxidative stability throughout the storage period against factors such as temperature and luminosity. The microbial oil was microencapsulated through the external ionic gelation technique, producing an encapsulation efficiency of 80% and proving to be a suitable method because it maintained oil composition. Combining microencapsulation and refrigerated storage led to the best effects on storage time, increasing the evaluated lipid stability through the peroxide values and conjugated diene formation. Moreover, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content increased, and polyunsaturated fatty acid content decreased during storage for both the free and microencapsulated oil, regardless of storage temperature, although microencapsulation reduced the changes. The results primarily demonstrate how microencapsulation prolongs the oxidative stability and unsaturated fatty acid content of the microbial oil by reducing its reactions to external environmental factors, thus facilitating its use in the food industry.

Enhancement of the Functional Properties of Mead Aged with Oak (Quercus) Chips at Different Toasting Levels.

Consumers increasingly prefer and seek functional beverages, which, given their characteristics, provide important bioactive compounds that help prevent and treat chronic diseases. Mead is a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage made from honey solution. The aging process of mead with oak chips is innovative and bestows functional characteristics to this beverage. Thus, in this study, we sought to develop and characterize a novel functional beverage by combining the health benefits of honey with the traditional aging process of alcoholic beverages in wood. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in mead using oak chips at different toasting levels and aged for 360 days. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical profile of different meads. Over time, the aging process with oak chips showed a higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity. Eighteen compounds belonging to the classes of organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins were identified in meads after 360 days. Our findings revealed that the addition of oak chips during aging contributed to p-coumaric, ellagic, abscisic, and chlorogenic acids, and naringenin, vanillin, and tiliroside significantly impacted the functional quality of mead.

Chemical study, antioxidant activity, and genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of Ruellia angustiflora.

Ruellia angustiflora (Acanthaceae) is known as flower-of-fire, and its leaves are traditionally employed to promote wound healing. This study was aimed at extracting and characterizing the chemical constituents of the extracts of R. angustiflora obtained by ultrasound-assisted and supercritical fluid extractions, and subsequently investigate their antioxidant potential and cyto-genotoxicity. The extract obtained by ultrasound (UAE-EtOH) was characterized by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), and the extract obtained via supercritical fluid (SFE-CO2) by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The antioxidant potential was verified by the antiradical activity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and the cyto-genotoxicity evaluation to test cell viability and DNA damage was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultures. The SFE-CO2 extract presented some fatty acids, triterpenes, tetraterpenes, tocopherols and phytosterols. The UAE-EtOH extract contained phenolic acids and flavonoids, and showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Neither extract was genotoxic or cytotoxic at the tested concentrations.

Chitinase production by Trichoderma koningiopsis UFSMQ40 using solid state fermentation.

The chitinases have extensive biotechnological potential but have been little exploited commercially due to the low number of good chitinolytic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to identify a chitinolytic fungal and optimize its production using solid state fermentation (SSF) and agroindustry substrate, to evaluate different chitin sources for chitinase production, to evaluate different solvents for the extraction of enzymes produced during fermentation process, and to determine the nematicide effect of enzymatic extract and biological control of Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita nematodes. The fungus was previously isolated from bedbugs of Tibraca limbativentris Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and selected among 51 isolated fungal as the largest producer of chitinolytic enzymes in SSF. The isolate UFSMQ40 has been identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis by the amplification of tef1 gene fragments. The greatest chitinase production (10.76 U gds-1) occurred with wheat bran substrate at 55% moisture, 15% colloidal chitin, 100% of corn steep liquor, and two discs of inoculum at 30 °C for 72 h. Considering the enzymatic inducers, the best chitinase production by the isolated fungus was achieved using chitin in colloidal, powder, and flakes. The usage of 1:15 g/mL of sodium citrate-phosphate buffer was the best ratio for chitinase extraction of SSF. The Trichoderma koningiopsis UFSMQ40 showed high mortality of M. javanica and M. incognita when applied to treatments with enzymatic filtrated and the suspension of conidia.

Separation of microbial oil produced by Mortierella isabellina using polymeric membranes.

The objective of this work was to concentrate, through a membrane separation process, the fatty acids from oil/solvent mixture. The oil was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction from freeze-dried cells of Mortierella isabellina. The concentration of the fatty acids was investigated using flat-sheet polymer membranes of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. The effects of temperature and pressure were evaluated by the retention of the fatty acids. Oil retentions between 45.23 and 58.20% to ultrafiltration membrane and 43.50 and 56.00% to nanofiltration membrane were observed. The best condition for the ultrafiltration membrane was 4 bar and 40 °C and for nanofiltration membrane was 12 bar and 50 °C. The oil contains a high concentration of oleic acid and palmitic acid that is a desirable property for the biodiesel production. The results showed the applicability of this technology in the solvent recovery step whereas the oil recovered contains a high concentration of fatty acids.

Production of metabolites with antioxidant activity by Botryosphaeria dothidea in submerged fermentation.

Antioxidants are able of inhibiting free radicals and play an important role in human diet, protection of foods, anti-aging cosmetics, among others. Fungi have been highlighted in production of metabolites with biological activity, such as antioxidant. The main objective of this study was to select a fungus from resources of Brazilians Pampa and Atlantic Forest biomes with hability for production of antioxidants by submerged fermentation. The scavenging activity of the compounds was determined against radical 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl. Botryosphaeria dothidea exhibited higher potential for the production of antioxidants, and its supernatant showed percentage inhibition values of 94.47, 94.87 and 89.78% against DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and IC50 of 0.206 mg/mL. The identification of the volatile compounds present in the broth verified the presence of the hexahydropyrrolizin-3-one; 1.2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methylpropyl) ester and 3.6-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2.5-piperazinedione. According to this study, Botryosphaeria dothidea presents great potential to produce compounds with antioxidant activity.

Development of nanoemulsions containing Physalis peruviana calyx extract: A study on stability and antioxidant capacity.

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the physicochemical and antioxidant stability of nanoemulsions containing a Physalis peruviana calyx extract (CPp-NE) and free extracts under different storage conditions (7 and 25 °C) and with absence or incidence of light for 120 days. The calyx extracts were prepared with ethanol 60% and characterized for later preparation of the nanoemulsions by spontaneous emulsification. The formulations presented nanometric sizes, low polydispersity index, negative zeta potential, acid pH, rutin content (11 µg·mL-1), and encapsulation efficiency of 85%. Regarding the stability, the droplet size and PdI of the CPp-NE stored at refrigeration temperature in the dark, room temperature in the dark, and refrigeration temperature with light incidence were stable for 120 days and with no visible changes in the formulations. The antioxidant capacity was related to the reducing capacity, and the best results were found for nanoemulsions stored at room temperature and in absence of light. In addition, CPp-NE presented higher antioxidant and reducing capacity in relation to the free extracts.

Avaliação de diferentes métodos de preservação do fungo Phoma Dimorpha / Evaluation of different methods of preservation of Phoma dimorpha fungus

Frente a necessidade de preservação e a manutenção de materiais biológicos, dentre eles fungos com potencial para controle biológico, para o desenvolvimento biotecnológico e científico, que vêm ganhando destaque no cenário mundial. Sendo necessário a adequação de métodos de preservação que além de garantia a sobrevivência destes microrganismos permitam a conservação de suas características morfológicas, fisiológicas e genéticas, no entanto, não existe um método ideal ou universal para a conservação de materiais biológicos. Diante desta necessidade o presente trabalho teve como objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e viabilidade de três métodos de preservação de isolados do fungo Phomadimorpha (repicagens periódicas, Castellani e fragmentos de papel-filtro), em dois períodos de avaliação, seis e doze meses após o armazenamento. Estudou-se a eficácia e viabilidade, através do crescimento micelial do fungo em meio de cultivo contendo batata-dextrose-ágar. Houve variabilidade entre os métodos de preservação do isolado do fungo P. dimorpha para o crescimento micelial, eficácia do método e índice de velocidade do crescimento micelial, nos dois períodos de avaliação, após seis e doze meses de armazenamento. O método de preservação em fragmento de papel filtro mostrou-se como o mais eficaz na preservação do isolado do fungo P. dimorpha nos dois períodos de avaliação, após seis e doze meses de armazenamento, sendo ideal para obter o maior o crescimento micelial, eficácia do método e índice de velocidade do crescimento micelial.(AU)

Facing the need for preservation and maintenance of biological materials, among them fungi with potential for biological control, for biotechnological and scientific development, which are gaining prominence in the world scenario. It is necessary to adapt preservation methods that besides guaranteeing the survival of these microorganisms allow the conservation of their morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics, however, there is no ideal or universal method for the conservation of biological materials. In view of this need, the present work had the objective of evaluating the efficacy and feasibility of three methods for the preservation of Phoma dimorpha (periodic transfer, Castellani and filter paper fragments) isolates in two evaluation periods, six and twelve months after the storage. Efficacy and viability were studied by mycelial growth of the fungus in a culture medium containing potato-dextrose-agar. There was variability between the preservation methods of the P. dimorpha fungus isolate for mycelial growth, method efficacy and mycelial growth rate index, in the two evaluation periods, after six and twelve months of storage. The filter paper fragment preservation method was the most effective in reserving the P. dimorpha fungus isolate in the two evaluation periods, after six and twelve months of storage, being ideal to obtain the highest mycelial growth, efficacy of the method and mycelial growth rate index.(AU)

Avaliação de diferentes métodos de preservação do fungo Phoma Dimorpha / Evaluation of different methods of preservation of Phoma dimorpha fungus

Frente a necessidade de preservação e a manutenção de materiais biológicos, dentre eles fungos com potencial para controle biológico, para o desenvolvimento biotecnológico e científico, que vêm ganhando destaque no cenário mundial. Sendo necessário a adequação de métodos de preservação que além de garantia a sobrevivência destes microrganismos permitam a conservação de suas características morfológicas, fisiológicas e genéticas, no entanto, não existe um método ideal ou universal para a conservação de materiais biológicos. Diante desta necessidade o presente trabalho teve como objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e viabilidade de três métodos de preservação de isolados do fungo Phomadimorpha (repicagens periódicas, Castellani e fragmentos de papel-filtro), em dois períodos de avaliação, seis e doze meses após o armazenamento. Estudou-se a eficácia e viabilidade, através do crescimento micelial do fungo em meio de cultivo contendo batata-dextrose-ágar. Houve variabilidade entre os métodos de preservação do isolado do fungo P. dimorpha para o crescimento micelial, eficácia do método e índice de velocidade do crescimento micelial, nos dois períodos de avaliação, após seis e doze meses de armazenamento. O método de preservação em fragmento de papel filtro mostrou-se como o mais eficaz na preservação do isolado do fungo P. dimorpha nos dois períodos de avaliação, após seis e doze meses de armazenamento, sendo ideal para obter o maior o crescimento micelial, eficácia do método e índice de velocidade do crescimento micelial.

Facing the need for preservation and maintenance of biological materials, among them fungi with potential for biological control, for biotechnological and scientific development, which are gaining prominence in the world scenario. It is necessary to adapt preservation methods that besides guaranteeing the survival of these microorganisms allow the conservation of their morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics, however, there is no ideal or universal method for the conservation of biological materials. In view of this need, the present work had the objective of evaluating the efficacy and feasibility of three methods for the preservation of Phoma dimorpha (periodic transfer, Castellani and filter paper fragments) isolates in two evaluation periods, six and twelve months after the storage. Efficacy and viability were studied by mycelial growth of the fungus in a culture medium containing potato-dextrose-agar. There was variability between the preservation methods of the P. dimorpha fungus isolate for mycelial growth, method efficacy and mycelial growth rate index, in the two evaluation periods, after six and twelve months of storage. The filter paper fragment preservation method was the most effective in reserving the P. dimorpha fungus isolate in the two evaluation periods, after six and twelve months of storage, being ideal to obtain the highest mycelial growth, efficacy of the method and mycelial growth rate index.

Potentiality of the Phoma sp. inactive fungal biomass, a waste from the bioherbicide production, for the treatment of colored effluents.

The potentiality of Phoma sp. inactive fungal biomass, waste from the bioherbicide production, was evaluated for the treatment of colored effluents containing Acid Red 18 (AR 18) dye. The batch experiments were performed to evaluate the following parameters: pH of the solution (2-10), dye concentration (50-200 mg L-1), adsorbent dose (0.5-2.5 g L-1), contact time (0-180 min) and temperature (298-328 K). The batch experiments using a synthetic dye solution revealed that Phoma sp. was efficient at pH of 2.0, 298 K and using a dosage of 1.25 g L-1. The process was fast, being the equilibrium reached within 180 min. The maximum value of biosorption capacity was 63.58 mg g-1, being the process favorable and exothermic. From the fixed bed assays, breakthrough curves were obtained, presenting a mass transfer zone of 7.08 cm and breakthrough time of 443 min. Phoma sp. was efficient to decolorize a simulated effluent, removing more than 90% of the color. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that Phoma sp. inactive biomass is a low-cost option to treat colored effluents in continuous and discontinuous biosorption modes. These indicate that Phoma sp. of inactive biomass is an option for the treatment of colored effluents.

New perspectives for weeds control using autochthonous fungi with selective bioherbicide potential.

The prospection of bioherbicides has been an alternative to weed control, aiming at mitigating chemical risks to human, animal and environmental health due to extreme use of synthetic herbicides. In the present study, various fungi were isolated from plants with symptoms of fungal diseases for bioherbicide purposes against weeds (Urochloa plantaginea, Euphorbia heterophylla and Bidens pilosa). Fungi isolated were identified by molecular methods and enzymatic products obtained by fungi fermentation (cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, and amylase) were quantified. Bioherbicide selectivity study was performed on crops (soybean and corn), as well as on resistant weeds. Among the isolated fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium ploriferatum, and Trichoderma koningiopsis presented bioherbicide potential. T. koningiopsis, in particular, presented the highest effect on Euphorbia heterophylla (popular name - Mexican fire plant), causing up to 60% of foliar damage, without presenting phytotoxicity against corn crop. New perspectives for weeds control and their use in corn crops were prospected, considering the bioherbicide selectivity described in this study.

First report of the production of a potent biosurfactant with α,ß-trehalose by Fusarium fujikuroi under optimized conditions of submerged fermentation.

Biosurfactants have many advantages over synthetic surfactants but have higher production costs. Identifying microorganisms with high production capacities for these molecules and optimizing their growth conditions can reduce cost. The present work aimed to isolate and identify a fungus with high biosurfactant production capacity, optimize its growth conditions in a low cost culture medium, and characterize the chemical structure of the biosurfactant molecule. The fungal strain UFSM-BAS-01 was isolated from soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and identified as Fusarium fujikuroi. To optimize biosurfactant production, a Plackett-Burman design and a central composite rotational design were used. The variables evaluated were pH, incubation period, temperature, agitation and amount of inoculum in a liquid medium containing glucose. The partial structure of the biosurfactant molecule was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. F. fujikuroi reduced surface tension from 72 to 20mNm-1 under the optimized conditions of pH 5.0, 37°C and 7 days of incubation with 190rpm agitation. The partial identification of the structure of the biosurfactant demonstrated the presence of an α,ß-trehalose. The present study is the first report of the biosynthesis of this compound by F. fujikuroi, suggesting that the biosurfactant produced belongs to the class of trehalolipids.

First report of the production of a potent biosurfactant with alfa, beta-trehalose by Fusarium fujikuroi under optimized conditions of submerged fermentation

Biosurfactants have many advantages over synthetic surfactants but have higher production costs. Identifying microorganisms with high production capacities for these molecules and optimizing their growth conditions can reduce cost. The present work aimed to isolate and identify a fungus with high biosurfactant production capacity, optimize its growth conditions in a low cost culture medium, and characterize the chemical structure of the biosurfactant molecule. The fungal strain UFSM-BAS-01 was isolated from soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and identified as Fusarium fujikuroi. To optimize biosurfactant production, a Plackett–Burman design and a central composite rotational design were used. The variables evaluated were pH, incubation period, temperature, agitation and amount of inoculum in a liquid medium containing glucose. The partial structure of the biosurfactant molecule was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. F. fujikuroi reduced surface tension from 72 to 20 mN m−1 under the optimized conditions of pH 5.0, 37 °C and 7 days of incubation with 190 rpm agitation. The partial identification of the structure of the biosurfactant demonstrated the presence of an α,β-trehalose. The present study is the first report of the biosynthesis of this compound by F. fujikuroi, suggesting that the biosurfactant produced belongs to the class of trehalolipids.(AU)

First report of the production of a potent biosurfactant with ,-trehalose by Fusarium fujikuroi under optimized conditions of submerged fermentation

Abstract Biosurfactants have many advantages over synthetic surfactants but have higher production costs. Identifying microorganisms with high production capacities for these molecules and optimizing their growth conditions can reduce cost. The present work aimed to isolate and identify a fungus with high biosurfactant production capacity, optimize its growth conditions in a low cost culture medium, and characterize the chemical structure of the biosurfactant molecule. The fungal strain UFSM-BAS-01 was isolated from soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and identified as Fusarium fujikuroi. To optimize biosurfactant production, a PlackettBurman design and a central composite rotational design were used. The variables evaluated were pH, incubation period, temperature, agitation and amount of inoculum in a liquid medium containing glucose. The partial structure of the biosurfactant molecule was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. F. fujikuroi reduced surface tension from 72 to 20 mN m1 under the optimized conditions of pH 5.0, 37 °C and 7 days of incubation with 190 rpm agitation. The partial identification of the structure of the biosurfactant demonstrated the presence of an ,-trehalose. The present study is the first report of the biosynthesis of this compound by F. fujikuroi, suggesting that the biosurfactant produced belongs to the class of trehalolipids.

First report of the production of a potent biosurfactant with α, ß-trehalose by Fusarium fujikuroi under optimized conditions of submerged fermentation

Abstract Biosurfactants have many advantages over synthetic surfactants but have higher production costs. Identifying microorganisms with high production capacities for these molecules and optimizing their growth conditions can reduce cost. The present work aimed to isolate and identify a fungus with high biosurfactant production capacity, optimize its growth conditions in a low cost culture medium, and characterize the chemical structure of the biosurfactant molecule. The fungal strain UFSM-BAS-01 was isolated from soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and identified as Fusarium fujikuroi. To optimize biosurfactant production, a Plackett-Burman design and a central composite rotational design were used. The variables evaluated were pH, incubation period, temperature, agitation and amount of inoculum in a liquid medium containing glucose. The partial structure of the biosurfactant molecule was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. F. fujikuroi reduced surface tension from 72 to 20 mN m−1 under the optimized conditions of pH 5.0, 37 °C and 7 days of incubation with 190 rpm agitation. The partial identification of the structure of the biosurfactant demonstrated the presence of an α,β-trehalose. The present study is the first report of the biosynthesis of this compound by F. fujikuroi, suggesting that the biosurfactant produced belongs to the class of trehalolipids.

Evaluation of biobutanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592 using sweet sorghum as carbon source / Avaliação da produção de biobutanol por Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592 usando sorgo sacarino como fonte de carbono

In this research it was evaluated the production of biobutanol by Clostridium beijerinckiiNRRL B-592 using sweet sorghum juice as carbon source. Operational variables, like pH and initial inoculum size, as well as supplementation of industrial media with yeast extract and tryptone, were evaluated. The maximum butanol obtained was 2.12g kg-1 using 12.5% of inoculum size, 0.05g 100mL-1 of tryptone and 0.1g 100mL-1 of yeast extract and initial pH of 5.5. The main contribution of this research was to show a systematic procedure for development of a low cost industrial media for biobutanol production from sweet sorghum.(AU)

Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a produção de biobutanol por Clostridium beijerinckiiNRRL B-592 usando o caldo de sorgo sacarino como fonte de carbono. Foram avaliadas as variáveis operacionais como pH e densidade de inóculo, bem como a suplementação de meios industriais com extrato de levedura e triptona. A máxima concentração de butanol obtida foi de 2,12g kg-1, utilizando 12,5% de inóculo, 0,05g 100mL-1 de triptona e 0,1g 100ml-1 de extrato de levedura e pH inicial de 5,5. A principal contribuição deste trabalho foi o de mostrar um procedimento sistemático para o desenvolvimento de um meio industrial de baixo custo para a produção de biobutanol a partir de sorgo sacarino.(AU)

Evaluation of biobutanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592 using sweet sorghum as carbon source / Avaliação da produção de biobutanol por Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592 usando sorgo sacarino como fonte de carbono

In this research it was evaluated the production of biobutanol by Clostridium beijerinckiiNRRL B-592 using sweet sorghum juice as carbon source. Operational variables, like pH and initial inoculum size, as well as supplementation of industrial media with yeast extract and tryptone, were evaluated. The maximum butanol obtained was 2.12g kg^-1 using 12.5% of inoculum size, 0.05g 100mL^-1 of tryptone and 0.1g 100mL^-1 of yeast extract and initial pH of 5.5. The main contribution of this research was to show a systematic procedure for development of a low cost industrial media for biobutanol production from sweet sorghum.

Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a produção de biobutanol por Clostridium beijerinckiiNRRL B-592 usando o caldo de sorgo sacarino como fonte de carbono. Foram avaliadas as variáveis operacionais como pH e densidade de inóculo, bem como a suplementação de meios industriais com extrato de levedura e triptona. A máxima concentração de butanol obtida foi de 2,12g kg^-1, utilizando 12,5% de inóculo, 0,05g 100mL^-1 de triptona e 0,1g 100ml^-1 de extrato de levedura e pH inicial de 5,5. A principal contribuição deste trabalho foi o de mostrar um procedimento sistemático para o desenvolvimento de um meio industrial de baixo custo para a produção de biobutanol a partir de sorgo sacarino.

Separation and purification of fructooligosaccharides on a zeolite fixed-bed column.

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), a well-known prebiotic product, are obtained by enzymatic synthesis and consist of a mixture of mono- and disaccharides. In this work, a methodology for their separation and purification was developed using a zeolite fixed-bed column. The effects of column temperature (40-60°C), eluent flow rate (0.10-0.14 mL/min), injected to bed volume percent ratio (2.6-5.1%), and ethanol concentration in the eluent (40-60%, v/v) were investigated using a fractionary factorial design (2(4-1)), having the separation efficiency and purity as target responses. Additional experiments were performed as well, where the temperature and ethanol concentration were studied in a central composite design (2(2)). In this work, the zeolite fixed-bed column was shown to be a good alternative for FOS purification, allowing a FOS purity of 90% and separation efficiency of 6.86 between FOS and glucose, using an eluent at 45°C with 60% ethanol concentration.

Effects of Solvent Diols on the Synthesis of ZnFe2O4 Particles and Their Use as Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Catalysts.

A solvothermal method was used to prepare zinc ferrite spinel oxide (ZnFe2O4) using ethylene glycol and 1,4 butanediol as solvent diols, and the influence of diols on the physical properties of ZnFe2O4 particles was investigated. The produced particles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nitrogen adsorption isotherms, and the catalytic activity for the organic pollutant decomposition by heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction was investigated. Both solvents produced particles with cubic spinel structure. Microporous and mesoporous structures were obtained when ethylene glycol and 1,4 butanediol were used as diols, respectively. A higher pore volume and surface area, as well as a higher catalytic activity for the pollutant degradation were found when 1,4 butanediol was used as solvent.