ABSTRACT
Bell nonlocality and Kochen-Specker contextuality are two remarkable nonclassical features of quantum theory, related to strong correlations between outcomes of measurements performed on quantum systems. Both phenomena can be witnessed by the violation of certain inequalities, the simplest and most important of which are the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) and the Klyachko-Can-Binicioglu-Shumovski (KCBS), for Bell nonlocality and Kochen-Specker contextuality, respectively. It has been shown that, using the most common interpretation of Bell scenarios, quantum systems cannot violate both inequalities concomitantly, thus suggesting a monogamous relation between the two phenomena. In this Letter, we show that the joint consideration of the CHSH and KCBS inequalities naturally calls for the so-called generalized Bell scenarios, which, contrary to the previous results, allows for joint violation of them. In fact, this result is not a special feature of such inequalities: We provide very strong evidence that there is no monogamy between nonlocality and contextuality in any scenario where both phenomena can be observed. We also implement a photonic experiment to test the synchronous violation of both CHSH and KCBS inequalities. Our results agree with the theoretical predictions, thereby providing experimental proof of the coexistence of Bell nonlocality and contextuality in the simplest scenario, and lead to novel possibilities where both concepts could be jointly employed for quantum information processing protocols.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major health issues worldwide. Clinicians should play a central role to fight AMR, and medical training is a pivotal issue to combat it; therefore, assessing levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices among young doctors is essential for future antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes. METHODS: A nationwide, cross-sectional, multicentre survey was conducted in Italy. A descriptive analysis of knowledge and attitudes was performed, along with a univariate and multivariate analysis of their determinants. RESULTS: Overall, 1179 young doctors accessed the survey and 1055 (89.5%) completed all sections. Regarding the knowledge section of the questionnaire, almost all participants declared to know the different species of bacteria proposed, however the percentage of participants who correctly responded to clinical quizzes was 23% for the question on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), 42% on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), 32% on extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (ESBL) and 27% on methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Similarly, 81% of participants disagreed in stating that AMR was adequately addressed during their medical training and 71% disagreed that they received the right example from their tutors. Finally, a high rate of agreement with the proposed actions to combat AMR was documented; in particular, the percentage agreement was 76% for respondents who agreed to be part of an active surveillance system or AMS programme. CONCLUSIONS: Tackling AMR should be a priority for politicians and for all health workers. Inclusion of competencies in antibiotic use in all specialty curricula is urgently needed.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Physicians , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , ItalyABSTRACT
Radiofrequency (RF) was used to ablate 42 colorectal liver metastases in 20 patients (10 males and 10 females) in a four years period. Median age was 62.2 years, 36 lesions (75%) had 3 cm diameter or less. An open surgical approach was adopted in 13 patients, whereas a percutaneous one in 14. On 27 surgical sessions, RFA was used in 49 procedures for a total of 81 needle applications. Morbidity was 6.0% (3 cases), one patient died on third po day for myocardial infarction. No differences in terms of complete ablation rate was observed in the two approach's groups. Overall survival was 65% with a median follow-up of 18.5 months.
