Perioperative neuromuscular blockade. 2020 update of the SEDAR (Sociedad Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación) recommendations.

We present an update of the 2020 Recommendations on neuromuscular blockade of the SEDAR. The previous ones dated 2009. A modified Delphi consensus analysis (experts, working group, and previous extensive bibliographic revision) 10 recommendations were produced1: neuromuscular blocking agents were recommended for endotracheal intubation and to avoid faringo-laryngeal and tracheal lesions, including critical care patients.2 We recommend not to use neuromuscular blocking agents for routine insertion of supraglotic airway devices, and to use it only in cases of airway obstruction or endotracheal intubation through the device.3 We recommend to use a rapid action neuromuscular blocking agent with an hypnotic in rapid sequence induction of anesthesia.4 We recommend profound neuromuscular block in laparoscopic surgery.5 We recommend quantitative monitoring of neuromuscular blockade during the whole surgical procedure, provided neuromuscular blocking agents have been used.6 We recommend quantitative monitoring through ulnar nerve stimulation and response evaluation of the adductor pollicis brevis, acceleromyography being the clinical standard.7 We recommend a recovery of neuromuscular block of at least TOFr ≥ 0.9 to avoid postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade.8 We recommend drug reversal of neuromuscular block at the end of general anesthetic, before extubation, provided a TOFr ≥ 0.9 has not been reached.9 We recommend to choose anticholinesterases for neuromuscular block reversal only if TOF≥2 and a TOFr ≥ 0.9 has not been attained.10 We recommend to choose sugammadex instead of anticholinesterases for reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced with rocuronium.

Bloqueo neuromuscular perioperatorio. Actualización 2020 de las Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR) / Perioperative neuromuscular blockade. 2020 update of the SEDAR (Sociedad Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación) recommendations

Se presenta la actualización 2020 de las Recomendaciones de bloqueo neuromuscular de la Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR). Las anteriores databan de 2009. Tras un análisis de consenso Delphi (expertos, grupo de trabajo y revisión bibliográfica previa) se generaron 10 recomendaciones: 1) Se recomienda el uso de fármacos bloqueantes neuromusculares (fbnm) para facilitar la intubación traqueal y evitar lesiones faringo-laringo-traqueales en cualquier paciente, incluidos pacientes críticos. 2) Se recomienda no utilizar fbnm para la inserción rutinaria de dispositivos supraglóticos y utilizar solo en caso de obstrucción de la vía aérea o intubación traqueal a través de este. 3) Se recomienda utilizar un fármaco bloqueante neuromuscular de inicio de acción rápido asociado al agente hipnótico en la inducción de secuencia rápida. 4) Se recomienda utilizar un nivel de bloqueo neuromuscular profundo en cirugía laparoscópica. 5) Se recomienda el uso de monitorización cuantitativa del bloqueo neuromuscular durante todo el procedimiento quirúrgico, siempre que se utilicen fbnm. 6) Se recomienda la monitorización cuantitativa mediante estimulación del nervio cubital y evaluación de la respuesta en el músculo aductor corto del pulgar, siendo el estándar clínico la aceleromiografía (AMG). 7) Se recomienda una recuperación del bloqueo neuromuscular al menos hasta alcanzar un TOFr ≥ 0,9 para evitar el bloqueo neuromuscular residual postoperatorio. 8) Se recomienda la reversión farmacológica del bloqueo neuromuscular al finalizar la anestesia general, previo a la extubación traqueal siempre que no se haya alcanzado un TOFr ≥ 0,9. 9) Se recomienda utilizar fármacos anticolinesterásicos para la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular solo cuando el tren de cuatro estímulos (TOF) es ≥ 2 y no se haya alcanzado un TOFr ≥ 0,9. 10)...(AU)

We present an update of the 2020 Recommendations on neuromuscular blockade of the SEDAR. The previous ones dated 2009. A modified Delphi consensus analyisis (experts, working group, and previous extensive bibliographic revision) 10 recommendations were produced: (1) neuromuscular blocking agents were recommended for endotracheal intubation and to avoid faringo-laryngeal and tracheal lesions, including critical care patients. (2) We recommend not to use neuromuscular blocking agents for routine insertion of supraglotic airway devices, and to use it only in cases of airway obstruction or endotracheal intubation through the device. (3) SWe recommend to use a rapid action neuromuscular blocking agent with an hypnotic in rapid sequence induction of anesthesia. (4) We recommed profound neuromuscular block in laparoscopic surgery. (5) We recommend quantitative monitoring Sof neuromuscular blockade during the whole surgical procedure, provided neuromuscular blocking agents have been used. (6) We recommend quantitative monitoring through ulnar nerve stimulation and response evaluation of the adductor pollicis brevis, acceleromyography being the clinical standard. (7) We recommned a recovery of neuromuscular block of at least TOFr ≥ 0.9 to avoid postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade. (8) We recommend drug reversal of neuromuscular block at the end of general anesthetic, before extubation, provided a TOFr ≥ 0.9 has not been reached. (9) We recommend to choose anticholinesterases for neuromuscular block reversal only if TOF ≥ 2 and a TOFr ≥ 0.9 has not been atained. (10) We recommend to choose sugammadex instead of anticholinesterases for reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced with rocuronium.(AU)

[Pre-clinical validation of a turbine-based ventilator for invasive ventilation-The ACUTE-19 ventilator]. / Validación preclínica de un respirador de turbina para la ventilación invasiva: el respirador ACUTE-19.

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 pandemic pressure on healthcare systems can exhaust ventilator resources, especially where resources are restricted. Our objective was a rapid preclinical evaluation of a newly developed turbine-based ventilator, named the ACUTE-19, for invasive ventilation. Methods: Validation consisted of (a) testing tidal volume delivery in 11 simulated models, with various resistances and compliances; (b) comparison with a commercial ventilator (VIVO-50) adapting the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-recommendations for rapidly manufactured ventilators; and (c) in vivo testing in a sheep before and after inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome by saline lavage. Results: Differences in tidal volume in the simulated models were marginally different (largest difference 33 ml [95% CI 31 to 36]; P < .001). Plateau pressure was not different (-0.3 cmH2O [95% CI -0.9 to 0.3]; P = .409), and positive end-expiratory pressure was marginally different (0.3 cmH2O [95% CI 0.2 to 0.3]; P < .001) between the ACUTE-19 and the commercial ventilator. Bland-Altman analyses showed good agreement (mean bias -0.29 [limits of agreement 0.82 to -1.42], and mean bias 0.56 [limits of agreement 1.94 to -0.81], at a plateau pressure of 15 and 30 cmH2O, respectively). The ACUTE-19 achieved optimal oxygenation and ventilation before and after acute respiratory distress syndrome induction. Conclusions: The ACUTE-19 performed accurately in simulated and animal models yielding a comparable performance with a VIVO-50 commercial device. The ACUTE-19 can provide the basis for the development of a future affordable commercial ventilator.

Validación preclínica de un respirador de turbina para la ventilación invasiva: el respirador ACUTE-19 / Pre-clinical validation of a turbine-based ventilator for invasive ventilation–The ACUTE-19 ventilator

Antecedentes: La pandemia producida por el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 puede agotar los recursos sanitarios, especialmente de respiradores, en situaciones de escasez de recursos sanitarios. Nuestro objetivo fue realizar una evaluación preclínica rápida de un prototipo de respirador de turbina para la ventilación invasiva denominado ACUTE-19. Métodos: La validación consistió en: a) evaluación de la administración de un volumen corriente en 11 modelos pulmonares simulados, con diversas resistencias y compliancias; b) comparación con un ventilador comercial (VIVO-50) adaptando las recomendaciones de la Agencia Reguladora de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios del Reino Unido para ventiladores de fabricación rápida, y c) realización de pruebas in vivo en una oveja antes y después de inducir el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo mediante lavado salino. Resultados: Las diferencias de volumen corriente en los modelos simulados fueron mínimamente diferentes (la mayor diferencia fue de 33ml [IC 95%: 31 a 36]; p<0,001). La presión de meseta no fue diferente (−0,3cmH2O [IC 95%: −0,9 a 0,3]; p=0,409), y la presión positiva al final de la espiración fue levemente diferente (0,3cmH2O [IC 95%: 0,2 a 0,3]; p<0,001) comparando el ACUTE-19 y el ventilador comercial. El análisis de Bland-Altman mostró una buena concordancia (sesgo medio −0,29 [límites de concordancia 0,82 a −1,42], y sesgo medio 0,56 [límites de concordancia 1,94 a −0,81], a una presión de meseta de 15 y 30cmH2O, respectivamente). El ACUTE-19 consiguió una oxigenación y ventilación óptimas antes y después de la inducción del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo en el modelo animal. Conclusiones: El ACUTE-19 se comportó con precisión en los modelos simulados y animales, con un rendimiento comparable al del dispositivo comercial VIVO-50. El ACUTE-19 puede servir de base para el desarrollo de un futuro ventilador comercial asequible.(AU)

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 pandemic pressure on healthcare systems can exhaust ventilator resources, especially where resources are restricted. Our objective was a rapid preclinical evaluation of a newly developed turbine-based ventilator, named the ACUTE-19, for invasive ventilation. Methods: Validation consisted of (a) testing tidal volume delivery in 11 simulated models, with various resistances and compliances; (b) comparison with a commercial ventilator (VIVO-50) adapting the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-recommendations for rapidly manufactured ventilators; and (c) in vivo testing in a sheep before and after inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome by saline lavage. Results: Differences in tidal volume in the simulated models were marginally different (largest difference 33ml [95% CI 31 to 36]; P<.001). Plateau pressure was not different (−0.3cmH2O [95% CI −0.9 to 0.3]; P=.409), and positive end-expiratory pressure was marginally different (0.3cmH2O [95% CI 0.2 to 0.3]; P<.001) between the ACUTE-19 and the commercial ventilator. Bland-Altman analyses showed good agreement (mean bias −0.29 [limits of agreement 0.82 to −1.42], and mean bias 0.56 [limits of agreement 1.94 to −0.81], at a plateau pressure of 15 and 30cmH2O, respectively). The ACUTE-19 achieved optimal oxygenation and ventilation before and after acute respiratory distress syndrome induction. Conclusions: The ACUTE-19 performed accurately in simulated and animal models yielding a comparable performance with a VIVO-50 commercial device. The ACUTE-19 can provide the basis for the development of a future affordable commercial ventilator.(AU)

Pre-clinical validation of a turbine-based ventilator for invasive ventilation-The ACUTE-19 ventilator.

BACKGROUND: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) pandemic pressure on healthcare systems can exhaust ventilator resources, especially where resources are restricted. Our objective was a rapid preclinical evaluation of a newly developed turbine-based ventilator, named the ACUTE-19, for invasive ventilation. METHODS: Validation consisted of (a) testing tidal volume (VT) delivery in 11 simulated models, with various resistances and compliances; (b) comparison with a commercial ventilator (VIVO-50) adapting the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-recommendations for rapidly manufactured ventilators; and (c) in vivo testing in a sheep before and after inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by saline lavage. RESULTS: Differences in VT in the simulated models were marginally different (largest difference 33ml [95%-confidence interval (CI) 31-36]; P<.001ml). Plateau pressure (Pplat) was not different (-0.3cmH2O [95%-CI -0.9 to 0.3]; P=.409), and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was marginally different (0.3 cmH2O [95%-CI 0.2 to 0.3]; P<.001) between the ACUTE-19 and the commercial ventilator. Bland-Altman analyses showed good agreement (mean bias, -0.29, [limits of agreement, 0.82 to -1.42], and mean bias 0.56 [limits of agreement, 1.94 to -0.81], at a Pplat of 15 and 30cmH2O, respectively). The ACUTE-19 achieved optimal oxygenation and ventilation before and after ARDS induction. CONCLUSIONS: The ACUTE-19 performed accurately in simulated and animal models yielding a comparable performance with a VIVO-50 commercial device. The acute 19 can provide the basis for the development of a future affordable commercial ventilator.

Effect of an individualized versus standard pneumoperitoneum pressure strategy on postoperative recovery: a randomized clinical trial in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: It remains uncertain whether individualization of pneumoperitoneum pressures during laparoscopic surgery improves postoperative recovery. This study compared an individualized pneumoperitoneum pressure (IPP) strategy with a standard pneumoperitoneum pressure (SPP) strategy with respect to postoperative recovery after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. METHODS: This was a multicentre RCT. The IPP strategy comprised modified patient positioning, deep neuromuscular blockade, and abdominal wall prestretching targeting the lowest intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) that maintained acceptable workspace. The SPP strategy comprised patient positioning according to the surgeon's preference, moderate neuromuscular blockade and a fixed IAP of 12 mmHg. The primary endpoint was physiological postoperative recovery, assessed by means of the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale. Secondary endpoints included recovery in other domains and overall recovery, the occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative complications, duration of hospital stay, and plasma markers of inflammation up to postoperative day 3. RESULTS: Of 166 patients, 85 received an IPP strategy and 81 an SPP strategy. The IPP strategy was associated with a higher probability of physiological recovery (odds ratio (OR) 2·77, 95 per cent c.i. 1·19 to 6·40, P = 0·017; risk ratio (RR) 1·82, 1·79 to 1·87, P = 0·049). The IPP strategy was also associated with a higher probability of emotional (P = 0·013) and overall (P = 0·011) recovery. Intraoperative adverse events were less frequent with the IPP strategy (P < 0·001) and the plasma neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was lower (P = 0·029). Other endpoints were not affected. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery, an IPP strategy was associated with faster recovery, fewer intraoperative complications and less inflammation than an SPP strategy. Registration number: NCT02773173 ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

ANTECEDENTES: No se sabe con certeza si individualizar las presiones del neumoperitoneo durante la cirugía laparoscópica mejora la recuperación postoperatoria. Comparamos una estrategia con individualización de la presión del neumoperitoneo (individualised pneumoperitoneum pressure, IPP) frente a una estrategia con presión estándar del neumoperitoneo (standard pneumoperitoneum pressure, SPP) respecto a la recuperación postoperatoria tras cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica. MÉTODOS: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado multicéntrico. La estrategia IPP consistió en una modificación de la posición, bloqueo neuromuscular profundo, y una distensión de la pared abdominal conseguida con la presión intraabdominal (intra-abdominal pressure, IAP) más baja en la que el espacio quirúrgico operativo siguiera siendo aceptable. La estrategia SPP consistió en una posición de acuerdo con la preferencia del cirujano, bloqueo neuromuscular moderado, e IAP fija de 12 mm Hg. El resultado primario fue la recuperación fisiológica postoperatoria, evaluada mediante la escala de calidad en la recuperación postoperatoria (Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale, PQRS). Los resultados secundarios incluyeron la recuperación en otros dominios y la recuperación global, la aparición de complicaciones intraoperatorias y postoperatorias, duración de la estancia hospitalaria, y los valores de los marcadores inflamatorios séricos durante tres días postoperatorios. RESULTADOS: De un total de 166 pacientes, 85 recibieron una estrategia IPP y 81 una estrategia SPP. La estrategia IPP se asoció con una elevada probabilidad de recuperación fisiológica (razón de oportunidades, odds ratio OR, 2,8 (i.c. del 95% 1,2-6,4); P = 0,017, razón de riesgo, 1,8 (i.c. del 95% 1,7-1,9), P = 0,05)). La estrategia IPP también se asoció con una elevada probabilidad de recuperación emotiva (P = 0,013) y global (P = 0,011). Los eventos adversos intraoperatorios fueron menos frecuentes con la estrategia IPP (P < 0,001) y la tasa neutrófilo-linfocito fue más baja (P = 0,029). No se observaron cambios en otras variables. CONCLUSIÓN: En esta cohorte de pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica, una estrategia IPP se asoció con una recuperación más rápida, menos complicaciones intraoperatorias y menos inflamación en comparación con una estrategia SPP.

Reevaluación de los efectos de PEEP alta con maniobras de reclutamiento vs. PEEP baja sin maniobras de reclutamiento durante la anestesia general para cirugía: protocolo y plan de análisis estadístico para un metaanálisis de los datos de pacientes individuales de PROVHILO, iPROVE y PROBESE / Re-evaluation of the effects of high PEEP with recruitment manoeuvres versus low PEEP without recruitment manoeuvres during general anaesthesia for surgery -Protocol and statistical analysis plan for an individual patient data meta-analysis of PROVHILO, iPROVE and PROBESE

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Correction to: An individualised versus a conventional pneumoperitoneum pressure strategy during colorectal laparoscopic surgery: rationale and study protocol for a multicentre randomised clinical study.

After publication of our article [1] the authors have notified us that there are changes in the primary outcome and the statistical analysis plan of the study.

An individualised versus a conventional pneumoperitoneum pressure strategy during colorectal laparoscopic surgery: rationale and study protocol for a multicentre randomised clinical study.

BACKGROUND: A recent study shows that a multifaceted strategy using an individualised intra-abdominal pressure titration strategy during colorectal laparoscopic surgery results in an acceptable workspace at low intra-abdominal pressure in most patients. The multifaceted strategy, focused on lower to individualised intra-abdominal pressures, includes prestretching the abdominal wall during initial insufflation, deep neuromuscular blockade, low tidal volume ventilation settings and a modified lithotomy position. The study presented here tests the hypothesis that this strategy improves outcomes of patients scheduled for colorectal laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The Individualized Pneumoperitoneum Pressure in Colorectal Laparoscopic Surgery versus Standard Therapy (IPPCollapse-II) study is a multicentre, two-arm, parallel-group, single-blinded randomised 1:1 clinical study that runs in four academic hospitals in Spain. Patients scheduled for colorectal laparoscopic surgery with American Society of Anesthesiologists classification I to III who are aged > 18 years and are without cognitive deficits are randomised to an individualised pneumoperitoneum pressure strategy (the intervention group) or to a conventional pneumoperitoneum pressure strategy (the control group). The primary outcome is recovery assessed with the Post-operative Quality of Recovery Scale (PQRS) at postoperative day 1. Secondary outcomes include PQRS score in the post anaesthesia care unit and at postoperative day 3, postoperative complications until postoperative day 28, hospital length of stay and process-related outcomes. DISCUSSION: The IPPCollapse-II study will be the first randomised clinical study that assesses the impact of an individualised pneumoperitoneum pressure strategy focused on working with the lowest intra-abdominal pressure during colorectal laparoscopic surgery on relevant patient-centred outcomes. The results of this large study, to be disseminated through conference presentations and publications in international peer-reviewed journals, are of ultimate importance for optimising the care and safety of laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Selection of patient-reported outcomes as the primary outcome of this study facilitates the translation into clinical practice. Access to source data will be made available through anonymised datasets upon request and after agreement of the Steering Committee of the IPPCollapse-II study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02773173 . Registered on 16 May 2016. EudraCT, 2016-001693-15. Registered on 8 August 2016.

The fragility of statistically significant findings in randomised controlled anaesthesiology trials: systematic review of the medical literature.

The fragility index (FI), the number of events the statistical significance a result depends on, and the number of patients lost to follow-up are important parameters for interpreting randomised clinical trial results. We evaluated these two parameters in randomised controlled trials in anaesthesiology. For this, we performed a systematic search of the medical literature, seeking articles reporting on anaesthesiology trials with a statistically significant difference in the primary outcome and published in the top five general medicine journals, or the top 15 anaesthesiology journals. We restricted the analysis to trials reporting clinically important primary outcome measures. The search identified 139 articles, 35 published in general medicine journals and 104 in anaesthesiology journals. The median (inter-quartile range) sample size was 150 (70-300) patients. The FI was 4 (2-17) and 3 (2-7), and the number of patients lost to follow-up was 0 (0-18) and 0 (0-6) patients in trials published in general medicine and anaesthesiology journals, respectively. The number of patients lost to follow-up exceeded the FI in 41 and 27% in trials in general medicine journals and anaesthesiology journals, respectively. The FI positively correlated with sample size and number of primary outcome events, and negatively correlated with the reported P-values. The results of this systematic review suggest that statistically significant differences in randomised controlled anaesthesiology trials are regularly fragile, implying that the primary outcome status of patients lost to follow-up could possibly have changed the reported effect.

Radiofrecuencia pulsada del ganglio de la raíz dorsal torácico con catéter epidural. Un nuevo abordaje de un tratamiento efectivo / Pulsed radiofrequency of the thoracic dorsal root ganglion with epidural catheter-electrode. A new approach for an effective treatment

La radiofrecuencia pulsada (RFp) se ha utilizado para el tratamiento de nervios periféricos y del ganglio de la raíz dorsal (GRD). Comúnmente se ha aplicado para tratamiento de dolor lumbar, cervical y neuropatías con muy buenos resultados. El ganglio de la raíz dorsal es una estructura anatómica que se encuentra situada bilateralmente en el extremo distal de la raíz dorsal en el espacio epidural lateral. La mayor parte de los GRD torácicos se localizan en la parte craneal medial de los agujeros intervertebrales. Los pacientes con dolor torácico irradiado siguiendo un patrón segmentario, que no responden al tratamiento conservador, son susceptibles de tratamiento mediante RFp del GRD. Con el objetivo de salvar las dificultades técnicas en el acceso al GRD torácico y de minimizar las posibles complicaciones yatrogénicas derivadas de la técnica percutánea tradicional, decidimos realizar la técnica de RFp en GRD a nivel torácico con catéter epidural mediante abordaje del espacio epidural vía translaminar en dos pacientes afectos de radiculopatía torácica. El tratamiento del ganglio de la raíz dorsal a nivel lumbar es una terapia muy extendida en pacientes con dolor crónico lumbar radicular. Diversos estudios y revisiones avalan la realización de esta técnica. Sin embargo, el dolor radicular torácico no es un síndrome clínico típico como en el área lumbar. Existen diferentes patrones dolorosos: dolor constante o intermitente, dolor nociceptivo o neuropático o una combinación de estos. El cuestionario de dolor "Pain detect" fue específicamente desarrollado para detectar los componentes del dolor neuropático en adultos. El tratamiento del GRD mediante RFp con abordaje epidural realizado en los casos descritos ha demostrado ser efectivo. Hemos obtenido una buena tasa de éxitos con una disminución en la EVN de más del 50 % en los dos casos, con la práctica desaparición del componente neuropático del dolor. El abordaje a través del canal epidural vía translaminar aporta gran seguridad emergiendo como una opción adecuada para disminuir la tasa de complicaciones graves (AU)

Pulsed radiofrequency (pRF) has been used for the treatment of peripheral nerves and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). It has been commonly applied for the treatment of low back pain, neck pain and neuropathies with very good results. The dorsal root ganglion is an anatomical structure that is located bilaterally at the distal end of the dorsal root in the lateral epidural space. Most of the thoracic GRDs are located in the medial cranial part of the intervertebral foramina. Patients with thoracic pain radiated following a segmental pattern, which do not respond to conservative treatment, are susceptible to treatment by pRF from the DRG. In order to overcome the technical difficulties in access to thoracic GRD and to minimize the possible iatrogenic complications derived from the traditional percutaneous technique, we decided to perform the pRF technique in GRD at the thoracic level with epidural catheter by approaching the epidural space via translaminar in two patients with thoracic radiculopathy. Treatment of the dorsal root ganglion at the lumbar level is a widespread therapy in patients with chronic low back pain. Various studies and reviews support the realization of this technique. However, thoracic radicular pain is not a typical clinical syndrome such as in the lumbar area. There are different pain patterns: constant or intermittent pain, nociceptive or neuropathic pain or a combination of these. The PAIN DETECT questionnaire was specifically developed to detect the components of neuropathic pain in adults. Treatment of DRG using pRF with an epidural approach performed in the cases described has been shown to be effective. We obtained a good success rate with a decrease in NRS of more than 50% in both cases, with the practical disappearance of the neuropathic component of pain. The approach through the epidural canal via translaminar provides great safety emerging as an adequate option to decrease the rate of serious complications (AU)

Bloqueo neuromuscular residual en la sala de recuperación postanestésica. Análisis secundario del estudio ReCuSS. Estudio observacional transversal de una cohorte multicéntrica / Residual neuromuscular blockade in the postanesthesia care unit. A secondary analysis of the ReCuSS. Observational cross-sectional study of a multicenter cohort

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Eficacia de sugammadex para la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular en una paciente con distrofia muscular de Becker / Sugammadex, efficacious in reversing a neuromuscular block in a woman with Becker muscular dystrophy

La distrofia muscular de Becker es una enfermedad que afecta, sobre todo, al músculo esquelético y se caracteriza por necrosis de las fibras musculares y debilidad progresiva. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 61 años, diagnosticada de esta enfermedad 45 años antes, que iba a ser intervenida de una neoplasia de mama derecha. Se le realizó una anestesia general con propofol, fentanilo y un bloqueante neuromuscular no despolarizante (rocuronio). Se empleó un monitor TOF Watch SX para evaluar continuamente la función neuromuscular por aceleromiografía, y se revirtió el bloqueo neuromuscular con sugammadex. Tras preoxigenación e inducción con fentanilo y propofol, se calibró el acelerómetro y se registró el cociente del tren de cuatro estímulos (TOFr) basal. Se inyectó rocuronio 1 mg/kg, y se evaluaron las respuestas del TOF cada 15 segundos. El máximo descenso del TOF (O) fue de 52 segundos. Se intubó la tráquea sin incidencias. Se mantuvo la anestesia intravenosa y la cirugía duró 74 min. El segundo componente del TOF (T2) reapareció a los 86 min de la dosis inicial. Se administró sugammadex 2 mg/kg. El tiempo desde la inyección de sugammadex hasta TOFr 0,7 fue de 79 seg, hasta TOFr 0,9 de 108 seg y TOFr 1,0 de 152 seg. No se observaron alteraciones electrocardiográficas ni hemodinámicas durante su administración y no hubo signos de bloqueo neuromuscular residual en el despertar ni acontecimientos adversos en las 24 horas posteriores (AU)

Becker muscular dystrophy affects mainly the musculoskeletal system, causing muscle wasting and progressive weakness. A 61-year-old woman with breast cancer, who had been diagnosed with Becker muscular dystrophy 45 years earlier, was scheduled for right mastectomy. We induced general anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl, and a nondepolarizing muscle blocker (rocuronium). Neuromuscular function was monitored continuously by acceleromyographic train-of-four ratio (TOFr) (Watch-SX monitor). The block was reversed with sugammadex. After preoxygenation with fentanyl and propofol, the device was calibrated and the baseline TOFr was recorded. We injected 1 mg/kg of rocuronium and assessed TOF responses every 15 seconds. The maximum decrease in TOF response (to 0 twitches) was at 52 seconds. Tracheal intubation was uneventful. Anesthesia was maintained by intravenous infusion. The operation lasted 74 minutes. The second TOF twitch (T2) reappeared 86 minutes after the initial dose. After we injected 2 mg/kg of sugammadex, a TOFr of 0.7 was reached at 79 seconds; a TOFr of 0.9 was reached at 108 seconds and a TOFr of 1.0 at 152 seconds. No electrocardiographic or hemodynamic abnormalities occurred during sugammadex administration and there were no signs of residual neuromuscular blockade on awakening or adverse events in the following 24 hours (AU)

Ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperatoria en un paciente con síndrome de vena cava izquierda persistente / No disponible

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[Sugammadex, efficacious in reversing a neuromuscular block in a woman with Becker muscular dystrophy]. / Eficacia de sugammadex para la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular en una paciente con distrofia muscular de Becker.

Becker muscular dystrophy affects mainly the musculoskeletal system, causing muscle wasting and progressive weakness. A 61-year-old woman with breast cancer, who had been diagnosed with Becker muscular dystrophy 45 years earlier, was scheduled for right mastectomy. We induced general anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl, and a nondepolarizing muscle blocker (rocuronium). Neuromuscular function was monitored continuously by acceleromyographic train-of-four ratio (TOFr) (Watch-SX monitor). The block was reversed with sugammadex. After preoxygenation with fentanyl and propofol, the device was calibrated and the baseline TOFr was recorded. We injected 1 mg/kg of rocuronium and assessed TOF responses every 15 seconds. The maximum decrease in TOF response (to 0 twitches) was at 52 seconds. Tracheal intubation was uneventful. Anesthesia was maintained by intravenous infusion. The operation lasted 74 minutes. The second TOF twitch (T2) reappeared 86 minutes after the initial dose. After we injected 2 mg/kg of sugammadex, a TOFr of 0.7 was reached at 79 seconds; a TOFr of 0.9 was reached at 108 seconds and a TOFr of 1.0 at 152 seconds. No electrocardiographic or hemodynamic abnormalities occurred during sugammadex administration and there were no signs of residual neuromuscular blockade on awakening or adverse events in the following 24 hours.