Biological Treatments and Target Therapies for Pediatric Respiratory Medicine: Not Only Asthma.

We present a description of pediatric pneumology biological medications and other target therapies. The article aims at introducing the importance of a molecular approach to improve treatments. The first item treated was T2-High asthma and its current biological treatment and prescribing indications to propose a flow-chart to guide the clinical choice. Molecular rationales of such treatments are used to introduce a more general description of the biological and molecular approach to target therapies application. We introduce a general interpretation approach to neutrophilic asthma using the molecular plausibility one in order to propose possible future treatments mainly targeting interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-17, IL-12, and IL-23. Indeed, cytokines can be excellent targets for several biological treatments. Downregulation of specific cytokines can be crucial in treating autoinflammatory and rheumatological diseases with a pulmonary involvement. Such conditions, although rare, should be early recognized as they can involve significant improvement with a properly targeted therapy. We face these conditions in a cherry-picking fashion picturing SAVI (STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy), CANDLE (chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature), and COPA (coat proteins alpha syndrome) syndrome pulmonary involvement. Such examples are functional to introduce molecular-based approach for patients with rare conditions. Molecular plausibility can be highly valuable in treating patients with not-approved but possibly highly effective therapies. Due to the rarity of these conditions, we stress the concept of basket trials using the example of cytokinin-directed immunosuppressive treatment. Lastly, we provide an example of augmentative therapy using the alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency as a model. In summary, the article presents a collection of the most recent achievements and some possible future developments of target therapies for pediatric pulmonary conditions.

Cardio-pulmonary function among children with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection needing certification for return-to-play.

AIM: To explore the cardio-pulmonary function of children returning to play sports after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: This is a consecutive case series conducted at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy. Paediatric patients who accessed the Institute for cardiologic and pneumological evaluation before the return-to-play competitive sports were recruited, according to the Italian Sports Medical Federation recommendations. Echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, treadmill ECG test and pulmonary function tests were performed. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two patients (aged 8-17 years old, mean age 12.8 ± 2.5) were recruited. Among these, 127 children were considered for the final analysis (49.6% females). Out of 127, 84 (66.1%) had a mild symptomatic form of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while 43 (33.9%) were asymptomatic. The main referred symptoms were fever (n = 37, 44%), asthenia (n = 14, 16.7%), rhinitis (n = 16, 19%), ageusia (n = 19, 22.6%), anosmia (n = 24, 28.6%), sore throat (n = 3, 3.6%), cough (n = 9, 10.7%), arthralgia-myalgia (n = 11, 13.1%), headache (n = 23, 27.4%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 7, 8.3%). No child presented evidence of cardio-pulmonary function impairment after an average time of 77.3 days (SD 35) from SARS-CoV-2 swab positivity and a median of 68 days (IQ1 52, IQ3 92.5). CONCLUSION: This preliminary study suggests that, in the absence of specific symptoms, the diagnostic yield of cardio-pulmonary tests before returning to play sports may be very low.

Severe hyponatremia in children: a review of the literature through instructive cases.

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in the pediatric population. Symptoms are related to the time in which hyponatremia has developed. The acute presentation could be dramatic, with neurological symptoms like headache, seizure, impaired mental status and even coma. It is essential for the physician to be aware of the possible causes of hyponatremia in the child in order to start a prompt treatment.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional left ventricular deformation analysis: a study in competitive athletes.

Two-dimensional (2D) speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has clarified functional adaptations accompanying the morphological features of 'athlete's heart'. However, 2D STE has some limitations, potentially overcome by three-dimensional (3D) STE. Unfortunately, discrepancies between 2D- and 3D STE have been described. We therefore sought to evaluate whether dimensional and functional differences exist between athletes and controls and whether 2D and 3D left ventricular (LV) strains differ in athletes. One hundred sixty-one individuals (91 athletes, 70 controls) were analysed. Athletes were members of professional sports teams. 2D and 3D echocardiography and STE were used to assess LV size and function. Bland-Altman analysis was used to estimate the level of agreement between 2D and 3D STE. Athletes had greater 2D and 3D-derived LV dimensions and LV mass (p < 0.0001 for all), while 2D- and 3D-derived LV ejection fraction did not differ as compared with controls (p = 0.82 and p = 0.89, respectively). Longitudinal, radial, and circumferential strains did not differ between athletes and controls, neither by 2D nor by 3D STE. Three-dimensional longitudinal and circumferential strain values were lower (p < 0.0001 for both) while 3D radial strain was greater, as compared with 2D STE (p < 0.001). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated the presence of an absolute systematic error between 2D and 3D STE to analyse LV myocardial deformation. 3D STE is a useful and feasible technique for the assessment of myocardial deformation with the potential to overcome the limitations of 2D imaging. However, discrepancies exist between 2D and 3D-derived strain suggesting that 2D and 3D STE are not interchangeable.