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1.
Int J Food Microbiol ; 143(3): 109-17, 2010 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20800918

ABSTRACT

Experiments were carried out in vivo and in vitro with four isolates of Penicillium expansum (I 1, E 11, C 28 and I 12) to evaluate their aggressiveness, growth and patulin accumulation in both usual (pears and apples) and less common hosts (apricots, peaches, strawberries and kiwifruits) of the pathogen. The 75% of isolates showed the ability to cause blue mould in all tested hosts. In particular, C 28 and I 1 were the most and the least aggressive isolates, respectively (52.9 and 10.6% infection and 20.7 and 15.4 mm lesion diameters). 'Candonga' strawberries and 'Pinkcot' apricots showed the largest lesion diameters (29.8 and 25.3 mm), followed by 'Conference' pears, 'Spring Crest' peaches and 'Abate Fetel' pears. With the exception of 'Candonga' strawberries, the formation of colonies and mycelial growth of P. expansum isolates on fruit puree agar media (PAMs) was stimulated in comparison to a standard growth medium (malt extract agar, MEA). Two of the most aggressive isolates in our assays (I 12 and C 28) showed the greatest accumulation of patulin both in vitro and in vivo, while the least aggressive isolate (I 1) produced patulin only in a few growth media and cvs. Patulin concentration on fruit PAMs was higher than patulin detected in infected fruit tissues. Apple PAMs were the more favorable substrates for patulin accumulation in vitro (maximum concentration 173.1 and 74.1 µg/mL in 'Pink Lady and 'Golden Delicious' PAMs, respectively) and 'Pink Lady' apples inoculated with the isolate E 11 showed the greatest accumulation of patulin in the whole in vivo assay (33.9 µg/mL). However, infected tissue of cv Golden Delicious showed lower average accumulation of patulin (1.7 µg/mL) than that of cv Pink Lady (19.1 µg/mL), and no significant differences in patulin concentrations were found among 'Golden Delicious' apples and tested cvs of pears, kiwifruits and strawberries. Peaches were highly susceptible to patulin accumulation, showing average concentrations of 27.4 and 18.6 µg/mL in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Apricots were also consistently positive for patulin accumulation, both in vitro (average values of 20.1 µg/mL) and in vivo (average values of 9.4 µg/mL). Our study showed the potential of some less common hosts of P. expansum (in particular peaches and apricots) to support patulin production, indicating that a steady monitoring of patulin contamination should be carried out in fruit substrates other than apples and pears.


Subject(s)
Actinidia/microbiology , Fragaria/microbiology , Fruit/microbiology , Patulin/metabolism , Penicillium/physiology , Rosaceae/microbiology , Food Microbiology , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
2.
Dev Comp Immunol ; 27(2): 111-26, 2003 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12543125

ABSTRACT

Two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) genes for interferon regulatory factors (IRF) 1 and 2 have been cloned and sequenced. The IRF-1 cDNA contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 996 nucleotides that translates into a 331 amino-acid putative peptide, with a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 145bp and a 3' UTR of 481bp. The IRF-2 cDNA contains a 1035bp ORF that translates into a 344 amino-acid putative peptide, with a 5' UTR of 146bp and a 3' UTR of 925bp. In vivo, IRF-1 and IRF-2 are constitutively expressed in head kidney, gill and spleen but not liver. Both genes were induced in all the tissues examined. IRF-1 but not IRF-2 expression was significantly increased at the site of injection 1 week after DNA vaccination against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. In vitro, IRF-1 and IRF-2 transcripts are present in unstimulated rainbow trout gonad cells and are up-regulated by poly I/C.


Subject(s)
DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Oncorhynchus mykiss/immunology , Phosphoproteins/genetics , Repressor Proteins , Transcription Factors , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Line , Cloning, Molecular , DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry , Gene Expression , Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 , Interferon Regulatory Factor-2 , Molecular Sequence Data , Novirhabdovirus/immunology , Phosphoproteins/chemistry , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology
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