Minor Sea Turtle Nesting Areas May Remain Unnoticed without Specific Monitoring: The Case of the Largest Mediterranean Island (Sicily, Italy).

Identifying coastal tracts suitable for sea turtle reproduction is crucial for sea turtle conservation in a context of fast coastal development and climate change. In contrast to nesting aggregations, diffuse nesting is elusive and assessing nesting levels is challenging. A total of 323 nesting events by the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta have been reported in Sicily, the largest Mediterranean island, in the 1944-2021 period, mostly in the last decade. Specific monitoring efforts are the most likely explanation for such an increase and shows that sea turtle nesting may be underestimated or completely ignored in many areas with scattered nesting. The real nesting level along the 464 km sandy shores of Sicily is still unknown and more research is needed. The observed incubation period was relatively long (57 d) suggesting that a majority of males are produced in Sicily, in contrast to the typical female-biased sex ratio of sea turtles. In a context of climate warming producing sex ratios more skewed towards females, the potential of Sicily as a male-producing area should be further investigated. Other reproductive parameters are provided, such as clutch size and hatching and emergence success. A negative effect of relocation on the latter two was observed.

Surgery for near occlusion of the internal carotid arteries. A single center experience.

Several experiences have shown the benefits of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) to treat symptomatic acute occlusion of common and internal carotid arteries. Instead, surgery for carotid near occlusion remains controversial. We report successful surgical treatment in three patients with near occluded carotid artery. Doppler ultrasound scan was performed and showed common or internal carotid artery (ICA) near occlusion with controlateral carotid stenosis <50% (NASCET) with distal recanalization supported by collateral arteries of the external carotid artery (ECA) documented by preoperative CT-scan or selected angiography. Cases were treated by CEA of bifurcation and common-internal carotid bypass, using a PTFE graft or with longitudinal CEA and direct reconstruction. Perioperative and three months follow-up were free from new neurological events. In conclusion surgery for carotid near occlusion can be safely and successfully performed in selected cases with distal recanalization.