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1.
Commun Biol ; 7(1): 584, 2024 May 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38755239

ABSTRACT

B cells are important in tuberculosis (TB) immunity, but their role in the human lung is understudied. Here, we characterize B cells from lung tissue and matched blood of patients with TB and found they are decreased in the blood and increased in the lungs, consistent with recruitment to infected tissue, where they are located in granuloma associated lymphoid tissue. Flow cytometry and transcriptomics identify multiple B cell populations in the lung, including those associated with tissue resident memory, germinal centers, antibody secretion, proinflammatory atypical B cells, and regulatory B cells, some of which are expanded in TB disease. Additionally, TB lungs contain high levels of Mtb-reactive antibodies, specifically IgM, which promotes Mtb phagocytosis. Overall, these data reveal the presence of functionally diverse B cell subsets in the lungs of patients with TB and suggest several potential localized roles that may represent a target for interventions to promote immunity or mitigate immunopathology.


Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes , Humans , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Lung/immunology , Lung/microbiology , Lung/pathology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/physiology , Phenotype , Tuberculosis/immunology , Tuberculosis/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics , B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism , Male , Female , Adult
2.
JCI Insight ; 6(16)2021 08 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34252054

ABSTRACT

SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelial cells of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes related symptoms. HIV infection impairs gut homeostasis and is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 fatality. To investigate the potential link between these observations, we analyzed single-cell transcriptional profiles and SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor expression across lymphoid and mucosal human tissue from chronically HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls. Absorptive gut enterocytes displayed the highest coexpression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors ACE2, TMPRSS2, and TMPRSS4, of which ACE2 expression was associated with canonical interferon response and antiviral genes. Chronic treated HIV infection was associated with a clear antiviral response in gut enterocytes and, unexpectedly, with a substantial reduction of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 target cells. Gut tissue from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, however, showed abundant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in both the large and small intestine, including an HIV-coinfected individual. Thus, upregulation of antiviral response genes and downregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the GI tract of HIV-infected individuals does not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in this compartment. The impact of these HIV-associated intestinal mucosal changes on SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics, disease severity, and vaccine responses remains unclear and requires further investigation.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/analysis , HIV Infections/virology , Intestinal Mucosa/virology , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Serine Endopeptidases/analysis , Adult , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , Intestinal Mucosa/chemistry , Male , Middle Aged
3.
J Appl Lab Med ; 5(3): 440-453, 2020 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32445364

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is a well-documented lack of rapid, low-cost tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance diagnostics in low-income settings across the globe. It is these areas that are plagued with a disproportionately high disease burden and in greatest need of these diagnostics. METHODS: In this study, we compared the performance of Light Forge, a microfluidic high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) prototype for rapid low-cost detection of TB drug resistance with a commercial HRMA device, a predictive "nearest-neighbor" thermodynamic model, DNA sequencing, and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST). The initial development and assessment of the Light Forge assay was performed with 7 phenotypically drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) that had their rpoB gene subsequently sequenced to confirm resistance to Rifampin. These isolates of M.tb were then compared against a drug-susceptible standard, H37Rv. Seven strains of M.tb were isolated from clinical specimens and individually analyzed to characterize the unique melting profile of each strain. RESULTS: Light Forge was able to detect drug-resistance linked mutations with 100% concordance to the sequencing, phenotypic DST and the "nearest neighbor" thermodynamic model. Researchers were then blinded to the resistance profile of the seven M.tb strains. In this experiment, Light Forge correctly classified 7 out of 9 strains as either drug resistant or drug susceptible. CONCLUSIONS: Light Forge represents a promising prototype for a fast, low-cost diagnostic alternative for detection of drug resistant strains of TB in resource constrained settings.


Subject(s)
Microfluidics/methods , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/microbiology , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , DNA, Bacterial , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Microfluidics/instrumentation , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , Nucleic Acid Denaturation , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reproducibility of Results , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Thermodynamics
4.
Cell ; 181(5): 1016-1035.e19, 2020 05 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32413319

ABSTRACT

There is pressing urgency to understand the pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus clade 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the disease COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), promotes cellular entry. The cell subsets targeted by SARS-CoV-2 in host tissues and the factors that regulate ACE2 expression remain unknown. Here, we leverage human, non-human primate, and mouse single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets across health and disease to uncover putative targets of SARS-CoV-2 among tissue-resident cell subsets. We identify ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expressing cells within lung type II pneumocytes, ileal absorptive enterocytes, and nasal goblet secretory cells. Strikingly, we discovered that ACE2 is a human interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in vitro using airway epithelial cells and extend our findings to in vivo viral infections. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 could exploit species-specific interferon-driven upregulation of ACE2, a tissue-protective mediator during lung injury, to enhance infection.


Subject(s)
Alveolar Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Enterocytes/metabolism , Goblet Cells/metabolism , Interferon Type I/metabolism , Nasal Mucosa/cytology , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics , Adolescent , Alveolar Epithelial Cells/immunology , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , Animals , Betacoronavirus/physiology , COVID-19 , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Child , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Enterocytes/immunology , Goblet Cells/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , Humans , Influenza, Human/immunology , Interferon Type I/immunology , Lung/cytology , Lung/pathology , Macaca mulatta , Mice , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Nasal Mucosa/immunology , Pandemics , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Receptors, Virus/genetics , SARS-CoV-2 , Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Single-Cell Analysis , Tuberculosis/immunology , Up-Regulation
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