Characteristics and associations of ocular and non-ocular manifestations of shaken baby syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), a subset of abusive head trauma, results from non-accidental, violent head shaking. Most survivors suffer permanent neurological sequelae. Accurate diagnosis is imperative and remains challenging. The purpose of this study is to describe ocular injuries and associated neurotrauma in suspected SBS. METHODS: We retrospectively surveyed the National Trauma Data Bank 2008-2014 for patients ≤ 3 years old admitted for suspected SBS. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-seven (13.9%) of 2495 patients who were ≤ 3 years old were admitted with abusive head trauma and ocular injuries which resulted from suspected SBS. Most were < 1 year old (87.9%) and male (54.2%). Common eye injuries were retinal hemorrhages (30.5%), eye/adnexa contusion (14.7%), and retinal edema (10.7%). Common neurotrauma were subdural (75.5%), subarachnoid (23.9%), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (10.4%). Mean (SD) Injury Severity Score was severe, 20.2 (8.2), and Glasgow Coma Score was moderate, 9.2 (12.8). The mortality rate was 16.7%. Retinal hemorrhages were not significantly associated with one type of neurotrauma over others. Ocular/adnexa contusion (OR 4.06; p < 0.001) and commotio retinae/Berlin's edema (OR 5.27; p < 0.001) had the greatest association with ICH than other neurotrauma. Optic neuropathy (OR 21.33; p < 0.001) and ICH (OR 3.34; p < 0.001) had the highest associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports previous studies showing that retinal and subdural hemorrhages were the most common ocular injury and neurotrauma in SBS, respectively. However, we did not find a significant propensity for their concurrence. Commotio retinae/Berlin's edema was significantly associated with both intracerebral and subdural hemorrhages.

Characteristics of ocular injuries associated with mortality in patients admitted with major trauma.

BACKGROUND: Few ocular trauma studies have addressed mortality outcomes. We sought to determine characteristics of mortality-related ocular trauma admissions and compared them with non-fatal injuries. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using de-identified data of patients admitted with major trauma from the National Trauma Data Bank (2008-2014). Patients with ocular injury were identified using ICD- 9CM codes. Demographics, intention and mechanism, types of ocular and head injuries, and injury severity were documented. Mortality was determined using post-admission disposition. Statistical analysis using student t-test, chi-square, and odds ratios (OR) calculations were performed with STATA-17 software. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 316,485 patients admitted with ocular trauma, 12,233 (3.86%) were mortality related. Expired patients were older than survivors: mean (SD) of 50.1(25.5) vs. 41.5(22.8) years. White (OR = 1.32; P < 0.001), ≥ 65years old (OR = 2.25; P < 0.001), and male (OR = 1.05; P = 0.029) patients were most likely to expire than their counterparts. Common mechanisms of injury in survivors were falls (25.3%), motor vehicle traffic-occupant, MVTO (21.8%) and struck by/against (18.1%) and for fatal injuries, falls (29.7%), MVTO (21.9%) and firearms (11.5%). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was documented in 88.2% of mortality-related admissions. Very severe injury severity scores (ISS > 24) (OR = 19.19; P < 0.001) and severe Glasgow Coma Score (GCS < 8) (OR = 19.22; P < 0.001) were most associated with mortality than survival. Firearms were most associated with very severe ISS (OR = 3.73; P < 0.001), severe GCS (OR = 4.68; P < 0.001) and mortality (OR = 5.21; P < 0.001) than other mechanisms. Patients with cut/pierce injuries had the greatest odds of survival (OR = 13.48; P < 0.001). Optic nerve/visual pathways injuries (3.1%) had the highest association with very severe ISS (OR = 2.51; P < 0.001), severe GCS (OR = 3.64; P < 0.001) and mortality (OR = 2.58; P < 0.001) than other ocular injuries. Black patients with very severe ISS (OR = 32.14; P < 0.001) and severe GCS (OR = 31.89; P < 0.001) were more likely to expire than other race/ethnicities with similar injury severity. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality-related admissions were older, male, and mostly of White race than ocular trauma admissions of survivors. Firearms were the deadliest mechanism. TBI was commonly associated and patients with optic nerve/pathway injuries, very severe ISS and severe GCS had higher mortality rates. Characteristics and demographic variations identified in this study may be useful in developing focused measures aimed at preventing trauma-related deaths.

Evaluation of commotio retinae in orbital fractures / Avaliação com commotio retinae (Edema de Berlim) em fraturas orbitárias

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of injury and types of orbital fractures and their relation to concurrent commotio retinae. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the records of patients with orbital fractures whose diagnoses had been confirmed by computer tomography between July 2017 and September 2019. Patient demographics, the circumstances of injury, ophthalmic examination results, and radiological findings were tabulated. Statistical analysis of the data used two-tailed student's t-tests, chi-squared tests, and odds ratio calculations. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Of the 204 patients with orbital fractures included in this study, 154 (75.5%) were male. The mean age was 42.1 years. Orbital fractures involving one orbital wall (58.8%) were more common than those affecting multiple walls (41.2%). The majority of fractures affected the inferior wall (60.3%), with the medial walls being the next most frequently affected (19.6%). The most common cause of injury was assault (59.3%), and the second most common was falls (24%). Commotio retinae was observed in 20.1% of orbital fracture cases and was most associated with injuries caused by assault (OR=5.22, p<0.001) and least associated with those caused by falls (OR=0.06, p<0.001). Eye movement restrictions were more common in central than peripheral commotio (OR=3.79, p=0.015) and with medial wall fractures than fractures to other orbital walls (OR=7.16, p<0.001). The odds of commotio were not found to be higher in patients with multi-walled orbital fractures than in those with single-walled fractures (p=0.967). Conclusions: In the study population, assault was the most common cause of orbital fractures and resulted in commotio retinae than other causes. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the likelihood of commotio retinae in patients with orbital fractures resulting from assault, regardless of the extent of the patient's injuries.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo visou avaliar os mecanismos da lesão e os tipos de fraturas orbitárias e sua relação com commotio retinae simultânea. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou registros de pacientes com fraturas orbitárias cujos diagnósticos foram confirmados por tomografia computadorizada entre julho de 2017 e setembro de 2019. Foram registrados os dados demográficos, circunstâncias da lesão, os resultados do exame oftalmológico e achados radiológicos. A análise estatística dos dados usou os testes de t-Student bicaudal, qui-quadrado e cálculos de odds ratio. O significado estatístico foi fixada em p<0,05. Resultados: Dos 204 pacientes com fraturas orbitárias incluídos neste estudo, 154 (75,5%) eram sexo masculino (75,5%). A média de idade foi de 42,1 anos. As fraturas orbitárias envolvendo uma parede orbital (58,8%) foram mais comuns do que as que acometeram várias paredes (41,2%). A maioria das fraturas acometeu a parede inferior (60,3%), sendo as paredes mediais as próximas mais frequentemente afetadas (19,6%). A causda mais comum de lesão foi agressão (59,3%), e a segunda mais comum foi queda (24%). A commotio retinae foi observada em 20,1% dos casos de fratura orbital e foi mais associada a lesões causadas por agressão (OR=5,22, p<0,001) e menos associada com aquelas causadas por quedas (OR=0,06, p<0,001). As restrições de movimentos oculares eram mais comuns na comoção central do que na periférica (OR=3,79, p=0,015) e com fraturas da parede medial do que com fraturas de outras paredes orbitais (OR=7,16, p<0,001). As chances de comoção não foram maiores em pacientes com fraturas orbitais de paredes múltiplas do que naqueles com fraturas de parede simples (p=0,967). Conclusões: Na população do estudo, a agressão foi a causa mais comum de fraturas orbitais e resultou em commotio retinae mais grave do que qualquer outra causa. Os oftalmologistas devem estar cientes da probabilidade de commotio retinae em pacientes com fraturas orbitais resultantes de agressão, independentemente da extensão das lesões do paciente.

Disparities Associated with Discharge Patterns in Firearm-Associated Ocular Trauma.

Importance: Firearm injuries are associated with devastating visual outcomes. Several studies have demonstrated disparities in trauma care and discharge to rehabilitation and other advanced care facilities (ACFs) due to race and ethnicity and insurance status. The identification of possible disparities in disposition of patients admitted with firearms-associated ocular injuries (FAOIs) is a crucial step in moving toward health equity. Objective: To describe disposition patterns following admission for FAOI trauma. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective analysis of National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) from 2008 through 2014 used hospitalized trauma cases from over 900 US facilities detailed in the NTDB. Participants included patients admitted with ocular injuries. Statistical analysis was conducted between April 16, 2017, and December 15, 2021. Exposure: Firearm injuries. Main Outcomes and Measures: Patients admitted with FAOIs were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic codes and E-codes. Demographic data, location, injury type and severity, and insurance status were documented. The primary outcome was the odds of discharge to ACFs. Results: A total of 8715 of 235 254 firearms injuries involved the eye (3.7%). Of the 8715 included patients, 7469 were male (85.7%), 3050 were African American (35.0%), and 4065 White (46.6%), with a mean (SD) age of 33.8 (16.9) years. Common payments were government insurance (31.5%), self-paid insurance (29.4%), and commercial insurance plans (22.8%). Frequent dispositions were home (48.8%) and ACF (20.5%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the following factors were associated with the highest odds of discharge to an ACF: hospital stays 6 days or longer (odds ratio [OR], 3.05; 95% CI, 2.56-3.63; P < .001), age 65 years or older (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.94-4.48; P < .001), associated traumatic brain injury (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.94-2.78; P < .001), severe traumatic brain injury (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.79-2.46; P < .001), and very severe Injury Severity Score (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.88-2.62; P < .001). White race (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.71-2.33; P < .001) was associated with higher odds than Medicare insurance (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.31; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that older, more severely injured, Medicare-insured, or White patients have higher odds of ACF placement than younger, less severely injured, otherwise insured, and Black and Hispanic patients. This study is limited by its retrospective nature and the study team was unable to explore the basis for these disposition differences. Nevertheless, this work highlights that disparities may exist in disposition after FAOIs that may limit the rehabilitation potential of specific populations.

Evaluation of commotio retinae in orbital fractures.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of injury and types of orbital fractures and their relation to concurrent commotio retinae. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated the records of patients with orbital fractures whose diagnoses had been confirmed by computer tomography between July 2017 and September 2019. Patient demographics, the circumstances of injury, ophthalmic examination results, and radiological findings were tabulated. Statistical analysis of the data used two-tailed student's t-tests, chi-squared tests, and odds ratio calculations. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Of the 204 patients with orbital fractures included in this study, 154 (75.5%) were male. The mean age was 42.1 years. Orbital fractures involving one orbital wall (58.8%) were more common than those affecting multiple walls (41.2%). The majority of fractures affected the inferior wall (60.3%), with the medial walls being the next most frequently affected (19.6%). The most common cause of injury was assault (59.3%), and the second most common was falls (24%). Commotio retinae was observed in 20.1% of orbital fracture cases and was most associated with injuries caused by assault (OR=5.22, p<0.001) and least associated with those caused by falls (OR=0.06, p<0.001). Eye movement restrictions were more common in central than peripheral commotio (OR=3.79, p=0.015) and with medial wall fractures than fractures to other orbital walls (OR=7.16, p<0.001). The odds of commotio were not found to be higher in patients with multi-walled orbital fractures than in those with single-walled fractures (p=0.967). CONCLUSIONS: In the study population, assault was the most common cause of orbital fractures and resulted in commotio retinae than other causes. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the likelihood of commotio retinae in patients with orbital fractures resulting from assault, regardless of the extent of the patient's injuries.

Purtscher-like retinopathy in a patient with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy / Retinopatia tipo Purtscher em paciente com coagulopatia associada ao COVID-19

ABSTRACT The most frequently reported ophthalmic manifestation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is conjunctivitis. We have described a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy in a patient with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated coagulopathy. A young woman with multiple comorbidities was admitted for COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Her course was complicated by fungemia. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral posterior pole, intraretinal lesions and fluconazole was added for presumed fungal retinitis. At 1-week follow-up, widespread peripapillary cotton-wool spots and hemorrhages suggestive of Purtscher-like retinopathy were observed. The levels of D-dimers, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein were markedly elevated prior to our consultation, indicating preceding prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory states. Subsequent venous duplex revealed deep venous thrombosis in the right subclavian and internal jugular veins. Von Willebrand factor indices were markedly elevated, suggesting severe COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Purtscher-like retinopathy, a rare occlusive microangiopathy has been described in various pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Purtscher-like retinopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.

RESUMO A manifestação oftálmica mais frequentemente re­latada da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 é a conjuntivite. Trata-se de estudo de caso de retinopatia tipo Purtscher em uma paciente com coagulopatia grave associada ao COVID-19. Uma jovem com múltiplas comorbidades foi admitida por síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo relacionado ao COVID-19. Seu quadro foi complicado pela fungemia. O exame oftálmico revelou pólo posterior bilateral, lesões intraretinianas e o fluconazol foi adicionado para tratar a retinite fúngica presumida. No decorrer de uma semana, manchas largas peripapilares de algodão e hemorragias sugestivas de retinopatia tipo Purtscher foram observadas. Os dímeros D, o fibrinogênio e a proteína c-reativa estavam acentuadamente elevados antes da nossa consulta, indicando um estado pró-trombótico e pró-inflamatório precedente. O duplex venoso subsequente revelou trombose venosa profunda nas veias subclávia direita e jugular interna. Os índices de fatores von Willebrand estavam marcadamente elevados, sugerindo coagulopatia grave associada ao COVID-19. A retinopatia tipo Purtscher, uma microangiopatia oclusiva rara foi descrita em várias condições pró-inflamatórias e pró-trombóticas. Para nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro relatório de retinopatia tipo Purtscher com coagulopatia associada ao COVID-19.

Purtscher-like retinopathy in a patient with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.

The most frequently reported ophthalmic manifestation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is conjunctivitis. We have described a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy in a patient with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated coagulopathy. A young woman with multiple comorbidities was admitted for COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Her course was complicated by fungemia. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral posterior pole, intraretinal lesions and fluconazole was added for presumed fungal retinitis. At 1-week follow-up, widespread peripapillary cotton-wool spots and hemorrhages suggestive of Purtscher-like retinopathy were observed. The levels of D-dimers, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein were markedly elevated prior to our consultation, indicating preceding prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory states. Subsequent venous duplex revealed deep venous thrombosis in the right subclavian and internal jugular veins. Von Willebrand factor indices were markedly elevated, suggesting severe COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Purtscher-like retinopathy, a rare occlusive microangiopathy has been described in various pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Purtscher-like retinopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.

Characteristics of ocular trauma in the United States / Características de trauma ocular nos Estados Unidos

ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to study the characteristics of ocular trauma, an important but largely preventable global cause of blindness, in the United States. Methods: Retrospective chart review of the National Trauma Data Bank (2008-2014) was performed. All patients with ocular trauma were identified using ICD-9CM codes. The collected data were statistically analyzed with student's t-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis performed using the SPSS software. The significance was set at p<0.05. Results: It was found that 316,485 (5.93%) of the 5,336,575 admitted trauma patients had ocular injuries. Their mean (SD) age was 41.8 (23) years, and most of them were men (69.4%). Race/ethnicity distribution was White 66.1%, Black 15.1%, and Hispanic 12.3%. The common injuries were orbital 39.5% and eye/adnexa contusions 34%. Associated traumatic brain injury was present in 58.2%. The frequent mechanisms were falls 25.5%, motor vehicle accident-occupant 21.8%, and struck by/against 17.6%. Patients <21 years of age had higher odds of cut/pierce injuries (OR=3.29, 95%CI=3.07-3.51) than the other age groups, those aged 21-64 years had higher odds of motor vehicle accident-cyclist (OR=4.95, 95%CI=4.71-5.19), and those >65 years had higher odds of falls (OR=16.75, 95%CI=16.39-17.12); p<0.001. The Blacks had a greater likelihood of firearm injuries (OR=3.24, 95%CI=3.10-3.39) than the other racial/ethnic groups, the Hispanics experienced more of cut/pierce injuries (OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.85-2.18), and the Whites experienced more of falls (OR=2.3, 95%CI=2.3-2.4); p<0.001. The Blacks (OR=3.41, 95%CI=3.34-3.48) and Hispanics (OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.71-1.79) mostly suffered assaults, while the Whites suffered unintentional injuries (OR=2.78 95%CI=2.74-2.84); p<0.001. Optic nerve/visual pathway injuries had the greatest association with very severe injury severity scores (OR=3.27, 95%CI=3.05-3.49) and severe Glasgow Coma Scores (OR=3.30, 95%CI=3.08-3.54); p<0.001. The mortality rate was 3.9%. Conclusions: Male preponderance and falls, motor vehicle accident-occupant, and struck by/against mechanisms agree with the previous reports. The identified demographic patterns underscore the need to develop group-specific preventive measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: O trauma ocular é uma causa importante e amplamente evitável de cegueira em todo o mundo. Nosso objetivo é estudar suas características nos EUA. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva do National Trauma Data Bank (2008-2014). Todos os pacientes com trauma ocular foram identificados com códigos CID-9CM. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatísticamente e o teste t de student foi utilizado. As análises qui-quadrado e de regressão logística foram realizadas com o software SPSS. A significância foi estabelecida em p<0,05. Resultados: 316.485 (5,93%) de 5.336.575 pacientes internados com trauma, apresentaram lesões oculares. A média (DP) de idade foi de 41,8 (23) anos. A maioria era do sexo masculino (69,4%). A distribuição raça/etnia foi branca: 66,1%, negra; 15,1% e hispânica: 12,3%. As lesões comuns foram orbitárias: 39,5% e contusões dos olhos/anexos: 34%. A maioria (58,2%) teve lesão cerebral traumática. Os mecanismos frequentes foram: quedas: 25,5%, acidente com veículos motorizados: 21,8% e acidentes atingidos por algo/contra algo: 17,6%. Os pacientes <21 anos apresentaram chance aumentada de lesões com corte/perfuração (RC=3,29; IC95% = 3,07-3,51) do que outras faixas etárias, aqueles entre 21-64 anos responderam por acidente automobilístico-ciclista: (RC=4,95; IC95% = 4,71-5,19) e aqueles >65 anos foram vítimas de quedas (RC=16,75; IC 95% = 16,39-17,12); p<0,001. Os negros apresentaram maior probabilidade de lesões por arma de fogo (RC=3,24; IC95% = 3,10-3,39) do que outras raças/etnias e os hispânicos tiveram mais lesões de corte/perfuração (RC=2,01; IC95%= 1,85-2,18) enquanto os brancos tiveram mais quedas: (RC=2,3; IC95%= 2,3-2,4); p<0,001. Os negros (RC=3,41; IC95% = 3,34-3,48) e os hispânicos (RC=1,75; IC95% = 1,71-1,79) sofreram principalmente agressões e os brancos tiveram lesões não intencionais (RC=2,78; IC95% 2,74-2,84); p<0,001. Lesões do nervo óptico/via visual apresentaram maior associação com escore de gravidade de lesão muito grave (RC=3,27; IC95%= 3,05-3,49) e escores graves de Coma de Glasgow (RC=3,30; IC95%= 3,08-3,54); p<0,001. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 3,9%. Conclusões: Houve preponderância masculina a quedas, a acidentes com veículo motorizado atingidos por algo/contra algo conforme os relatos anteriores. Os padrões demográficos identificados realçam a necessidade de desenvolver medidas de prevenção específicas para os diferentes grupos.

Disparities in discharge patterns of admitted older patients with ocular trauma.

PURPOSE: In older patients, poor vision from ocular trauma increases the likelihood of further injuries and repeat hospitalizations, underscoring the need for appropriate post-hospitalization care. We sought to evaluate disposition patterns of older patients admitted with ocular trauma. METHODS/MATERIALS: This retrospective observational study analyzed the National Trauma Data Bank (2008-2014) and de-identified data of patients, ≥65 years old, admitted with ocular trauma were identified using ICD-9CM and E-codes. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, type of ocular injury, comorbidities, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, length of hospital stay, location and US region, insurance, and discharge disposition were extracted. Analysis was performed with student's t-test, Chi-squared test, and odds ratios (OR) using SPSS software. Statistical significance was set at P <.05. RESULTS: 58,074 (18.3%) of 316,485 patients admitted with ocular trauma were >65yrs. 26,346 (45.4%) were discharged home and 23,314 (40.1%) to an advanced care facility (ACF). Nursing home residents were most likely to return to ACF (OR, 4.76; 95%CI, 4.40-5.14; P < .001). Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow coma score [GCS]<8) (OR, 4.57; 95%CI, 4.09-5.11; P < .001), very severe injury severity score (ISS ≥24) (OR, 3.73; 95%CI, 3.46-4.01; P < .001), females (OR, 1.27; 95%CI, 1.23-1.32; P < .001), white patients (OR, 1.29; 95%CI, 1.24-1.36; P < .001) and Medicare beneficiaries (OR, 1.14; 95%CI, 1.09-1.19; P < .001) were most likely to be discharged to an ACF. Demography-related discharge propensities prevailed nationwide and within insurance categories. Multivariate regression analysis revealed factors determining ACF placement were, in order: length of hospital stay, nursing home residency, GCS<8, ISS>24, female gender, white race, and Medicare insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic, black, male, and self-paying patients were disproportionately discharged home. Ocular injuries had low impact on ACF placement. Understanding these disparities will assist in developing guidelines for appropriate and equitable post-trauma rehabilitation in this vulnerable population.

Factors Associated with Early Career Research Productivity after Ophthalmology Residency.

Background Few studies have evaluated associations between ophthalmology trainee characteristics and performance with postgraduate research productivity. Purpose This article evaluates factors associated with post-residency research productivity among U.S. ophthalmology graduates. Methods Publicly available information of residents graduating between 2009 and 2014 from 30 randomly selected U.S. ophthalmology programs was collected from June to September 2020. Differences in publications between the 5 years post-residency and pre-residency/residency period were used as metrics of productivity. Residents with incomplete records were excluded. Results A total of 758 of 768 residents, 306 females (40.4%) and 452 males (59.6%), met inclusion criteria. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) number of pre-residency publications was 1.7 (4.0), residency was 1.3 (2.2), and post-residency was 4.0 (7.3). Mean (SD) H-index was 4.2 (4.9). Top-ranked residency ( p = 0.001), Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) medical honor status ( p = 0.002), U.S. medical school graduates ( p < 0.001), and academic career ( p < 0.001) were all associated with higher pre-/post-residency mean publication difference. Pursuing fellowship training also was associated with higher total publications ( p < 0.001). Of all pre-residency degrees, PhD had the greatest odds of high postgraduate publications (defined as > 4). There was a positive correlation between both pre-residency/residency and post-residency publications (rho = 0.441; p < 0.001) and between mean difference of pre-residency/post-residency publications for residents at a program and that program's Doximity rank (rho = 0.497; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed, academic career choice (odds ratio [OR] = 3.38; p < 0.001), Heed fellowship (OR = 3.12; p = 0.031), > 2 residency publications (OR = 2.89; p < 0.001), AOA status (OR = 2.0; p = 0.004), and top-ranked residency programs (OR = 1.89; p = 0.007), had greatest odds of > 4 postgraduation publications. Conclusion Higher post-residency productivity was associated with multiple factors, with choice of an academic career, Heed fellowship, and residency productivity playing key roles.

Characteristics of ocular trauma in the United States.

PURPOSE: We aimed to study the characteristics of ocular trauma, an important but largely preventable global cause of blindness, in the United States. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of the National Trauma Data Bank (2008-2014) was performed. All patients with ocular trauma were identified using ICD-9CM codes. The collected data were statistically analyzed with student's t-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis performed using the SPSS software. The significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: It was found that 316,485 (5.93%) of the 5,336,575 admitted trauma patients had ocular injuries. Their mean (SD) age was 41.8 (23) years, and most of them were men (69.4%). Race/ethnicity distribution was White 66.1%, Black 15.1%, and Hispanic 12.3%. The common injuries were orbital 39.5% and eye/adnexa contusions 34%. Associated traumatic brain injury was present in 58.2%. The frequent mechanisms were falls 25.5%, motor vehicle accident-occupant 21.8%, and struck by/against 17.6%. Patients <21 years of age had higher odds of cut/pierce injuries (OR=3.29, 95%CI=3.07-3.51) than the other age groups, those aged 21-64 years had higher odds of motor vehicle accident-cyclist (OR=4.95, 95%CI=4.71-5.19), and those >65 years had higher odds of falls (OR=16.75, 95%CI=16.39-17.12); p<0.001. The Blacks had a greater likelihood of firearm injuries (OR=3.24, 95%CI=3.10-3.39) than the other racial/ethnic groups, the Hispanics experienced more of cut/pierce injuries (OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.85-2.18), and the Whites experienced more of falls (OR=2.3, 95%CI=2.3-2.4); p<0.001. The Blacks (OR=3.41, 95%CI=3.34-3.48) and Hispanics (OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.71-1.79) mostly suffered assaults, while the Whites suffered unintentional injuries (OR=2.78 95%CI=2.74-2.84); p<0.001. Optic nerve/visual pathway injuries had the greatest association with very severe injury severity scores (OR=3.27, 95%CI=3.05-3.49) and severe Glasgow Coma Scores (OR=3.30, 95%CI=3.08-3.54); p<0.001. The mortality rate was 3.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Male preponderance and falls, motor vehicle accident-occupant, and struck by/against mechanisms agree with the previous reports. The identified demographic patterns underscore the need to develop group-specific preventive measures.

Ocular Injuries in Pediatric Patients Admitted With Abusive Head Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT) refers to head injury from intentional blunt force or violent shaking in children aged five years or less. We sought to evaluate the epidemiology of ocular injuries in AHT. METHODS: This retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (2008 to 2014) identified children aged five years or less with AHT and ocular injuries using ICD-9-CM codes. Demographic data, types of ocular and nonocular/head injuries, geographic location, length of hospital admission, injury severity, and Glasgow Coma scores were tabulated and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 10,545 children were admitted with AHT, and 2550 (24.2%) had associated ocular injuries; 58.7% were female. The mean age was 0.5 (±1.0) years. Most (85.7%) were aged one year or less. Common ocular injuries included contusion of eye/adnexa (73.7%) and retinal edema (59.3%), and common head injuries were subdural hemorrhage (SDH) (72.8%) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (22.9%). Retinal hemorrhages occurred in 5.3%. About 42.8% of children had injury severity scores greater than 24 (very severe), and the mortality rate was 19.2%. Children aged one year or less had the greatest odds of retinal hemorrhages (odds ratio [OR] = 2.44; P = 0.008) and SDH (OR = 1.55; P < 0.001), and the two- to three-year-old group had the greatest odds of contusions (OR = 1.68; P = 0.001), intracerebral hemorrhages (OR = 1.55; P = 0.002), and mortality (OR = 1.78; P < 0.001). For all ages, SDH occurred most frequently with retinal edema compared with other ocular injuries (OR = 2.25; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Ocular injuries varied with age and were variably associated with nonocular injury. The youngest group was most frequently affected; however, the two- to three-year-old group was most likely to succumb to injuries.

Central retinal artery occlusion associated with patent foramen ovale: a case report and literature review / Oclusão da artéria central da retina associada ao forame oval patente: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Patent foramen ovale might cause cryptogenic strokes, including retinal artery occlusion. Herein, we describe a previously healthy young man who presented with central retinal artery occlusion in the setting of patent foramen ovale and explore the need for transesophageal echocardiogram for its diagnosis. Cardiovascular workup and neuroimaging were unremarkable. Transthoracic echocardiogram bubble study revealed a right to left atrial shunt and subsequent transesophageal echocardiogram disclosed patent foramen ovale. This congenital cardiac anomaly was the likely conduit for a thrombo-embolic central retinal artery occlusion. We identified seven patients with patent foramen ovale associated with central retinal artery occlusion in the literature. Transthoracic echocardiogram was diagnostic in only one patient (14.3%), whereas transesophageal echocardiogram was required to reveal patent foramen ovale in the remaining six (85.7%). Our case and the previous reports support the link between central retinal artery occlusion and patent foramen ovale. Therefore, providers should consider the more sensitive transesophageal echocardiogram during the initial evaluation of young patients without immediately identifiable causes of retinal artery occlusion.

RESUMO O forame oval patente pode estar associado a derrames criptogênicos que incluem a oclusão da artéria retiniana. Descrevemos aqui um jovem previamente saudável que apresentou oclusão da artéria central da retina associada ao forame oval patente, sendo considerado portanto, a necessidade de um ecocardiograma transesofágico para seu diagnóstico. A avaliação cardiovascular e a neuroimagem não foram significativas. O estudo da bolha no ecocardiograma transtorácico revelou um shunt atrial direito-esquerdo e o ecocardiograma transesofágico subsequente revelou um forame oval patente. Esta anomalia cardíaca congênita foi o provável conduíte para uma oclusão tromboembólica da artéria central retiniana Na literatura, foram identificadossete pacientes com forame oval patente associado à oclusão da artéria central retiniana. O ecocardiograma transtorácico diagnosticou apenas um paciente (14,3%), enquanto o ecocardiograma transesofágico foi necessário para revelar o forame oval patente nos seis casos restantes (85,7%). Nosso caso e relatos anteriores suportam a ligação entre a oclusão da artéria central retiniana e o forame oval patente. Os profissionais devem considerar, como sendo mais sensível, o ecocardiograma transesofágico na avaliação inicial de pacientes jovens sem causas imediatamente identificáveis de oclusões da artéria retiniana.

Impact of Anxiety Levels and Sleep Patterns on Perceived Pain During Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injections.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of anxiety and sleep patterns on intravitreal injection pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective, noninterventional study surveyed patients scheduled for intravitreal injection by two retinal surgeons. A standard intravitreal injection technique was used. Patients filled out pre-procedure General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires. Post-procedural pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale. Quality and hours of sleep and anxiety levels were correlated with perceived intravitreal injection pain. RESULTS: A total of 140 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean ± standard deviation scores were 4.9 ± 5.6 for the GAD-7, 6.3 ± 4.1 for the PSQI, and 3.69 ± 2.64 for intravitreal injection pain. Anxiety correlated with intravitreal injection pain (rho = 0.25; P = .003). Previous night's sleep (rho = -0.16; P = .057) and poor sleep quality (rho = 0.14; P = .11) were weakly correlated. Regression analysis revealed anxiety was the only significant predictor of intravitreal injection pain. A 1-point increase in anxiety predicted a 0.10-point increase in intravitreal injection pain (B = 0.10, P = .032). CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety level was the best predictor of perceived pain. This has implications for pre-procedural anxiety screening. [Ophthalmic Surgery Lasers Imaging Retina. 2021;52:498-504.].

Central retinal artery occlusion associated with patent foramen ovale: a case report and literature review.

Patent foramen ovale might cause cryptogenic strokes, including retinal artery occlusion. Herein, we describe a previously healthy young man who presented with central retinal artery occlusion in the setting of patent foramen ovale and explore the need for transesophageal echocardiogram for its diagnosis. Cardiovascular workup and neuroimaging were unremarkable. Transthoracic echocardiogram bubble study revealed a right to left atrial shunt and subsequent transesophageal echocardiogram disclosed patent foramen ovale. This congenital cardiac anomaly was the likely conduit for a thrombo-embolic central retinal artery occlusion. We identified seven patients with patent foramen ovale associated with central retinal artery occlusion in the literature. Transthoracic echocardiogram was diagnostic in only one patient (14.3%), whereas transesophageal echocardiogram was required to reveal patent foramen ovale in the remaining six (85.7%). Our case and the previous reports support the link between central retinal artery occlusion and patent foramen ovale. Therefore, providers should consider the more sensitive transesophageal echocardiogram during the initial evaluation of young patients without immediately identifiable causes of retinal artery occlusion.