ABSTRACT
Water intoxication is a condition that is common in cattle, and has also been reported in other domestic animals and man. A comprehensive description of the condition is lacking. For a better understanding of the condition, this paper reviews work that has been reported previously by various authors.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Water Intoxication/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Cattle Diseases/pathology , Cattle Diseases/therapy , Causality , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Water Intoxication/diagnosis , Water Intoxication/pathology , Water Intoxication/therapyABSTRACT
The pathology of calves that died from experimental water intoxication was investigated. Oedema of the brain and urinary bladder, and renal damage were significant pathological findings in these calves. The findings were attributed to positive water balance in calves suffering from water intoxication.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/pathology , Water Intoxication/veterinary , Animals , Brain/pathology , Cattle , Kidney/pathology , Male , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Water Intoxication/pathologyABSTRACT
The effects of feed restriction on lipogenesis, carcass composition, and protein utilization were investigated. Two feed restriction programs were used: restricted duration of feeding (RDF) whereby pullets had access to feed for 7 or 9 hr/day and restricted access to feed (ADF) in which feed was available on alternate days. A control group received the same diet as the restricted groups but on an ad libitum basis. The feeding programs were applied to a white egg and brown egg strain of commercial laying hens from 1 until 5 weeks of age or from 3 days (RDF) or 10 weeks (ADF) until 19 weeks of age. The ADF restriction resulted in 12 to 25% decrease in body weights at 5 weeks and 5 to 11% decrease in body weights at 18 or 19 weeks. The RDF depressed body weights 24% at 5 weeks and 2% at 18 weeks. The RDF and ADF increased hepatic malic enzyme and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activities in both age groups. Plasma uric acid and hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase were affected, but not consistently, by ADF. It is hypothesized that ADF and RDF lead to increased lipogenesis and increased utilization of amino acids as sources of energy. Under conditions of mild restriction, this may result in increased carcass fat content.
Subject(s)
Chickens/metabolism , Food Deprivation/physiology , Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology , Alanine Transaminase/metabolism , Animals , Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism , Body Composition , Body Weight , Chickens/growth & development , Eating , Female , Lipids/biosynthesis , Liver/enzymology , Malate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Organ Size , Uric Acid/bloodABSTRACT
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feed restriction on production performance of egg production pullets. In Experiment 1, two brown-egg strains (A and B) were subjected to full feeding, a restricted duration of feeding program, and a quantitative feed restriction program. Two White Leghorn strains (C and D) were subjected to full feeding and restricted duration of feeding only. For Experiment 2, only strains B and D were used and an additional restricted duration of feeding program was studied. Pullets were maintained on these programs to 20 weeks of age. Production data were collected to 66 and 62 weeks of age for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Restricted duration of feeding was found to depress body weight by 2 to 3%, and quantitative feed restriction depressed body weight by 5% with feed intake depressed by the same magnitudes. Feed restriction at these levels had no significant effects on hen-day or hen-housed egg production, egg weight, egg mass, or egg grades. Net egg income over feed cost was significantly improved by feed restriction in Experiment 2. Pullets on quantitative restriction produced the greatest returns. This was due to increased numbers of large eggs and the decrease in rearing feed consumption. Feed restriction had no effect on mortality or sexual maturity. Feed consumption, body weight, egg weight, and economic returns were higher for the heavy strain of pullets. Mortality was highest within the light strains.
