Feasibility of training family caregivers of people living with dementia online to deliver life review depression intervention at home.

OBJECTIVES: To alleviate the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and dementia in older Americans (≥65 years), we developed a depression intervention, Caregiver-Provided Life Review (C-PLR), and taught family caregivers life review skills online compared to a synchronous group virtual training, and examined the feasibility and delivery impact (N = 20 dyads). METHOD: In a cross-sectional, mixed-methods dyadic design, we recruited family caregiver-care recipient dyads nationwide, collected the pre- and post-intervention measures on care recipients' depression (primary outcome), life satisfaction, caregivers' burden, caregiving rewards, and dyads' relationship quality (secondary outcomes), and compared them using t-tests. We took fidelity scores to measure caregivers' feasibility of delivering life reviews adhering to the protocol. RESULTS: Care recipients' depressive symptoms declined significantly following the C-PLR intervention (p = 0.034) and caregivers' rewards increased from the pre- to post-period (p = 0.019). Caregivers' qualitative interviews supported the quantitative results that online-trained caregivers' ability to deliver the intervention with high adherence to protocol (15.9 ± 0.27 out of 16) without increasing caregiver burden. CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggested that the C-PLR could make a positive impact on both caregivers' and care recipients' mental health. This innovative, cost-effective, and easily implemented activity can be used by any dyad regardless of whether they have any health-related deficits.

Comparing Unmet Service Needs Between Rural and Urban Family Caregivers of People Living With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: A Multisite Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The scarcity of resources and available caregiving services in rural areas in the United States has been well documented. However, less research has compared unmet service needs between caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in rural versus urban areas. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Using semistructured interviews guided by theories of health service use and dependent care, we interviewed 20 family caregivers residing in rural areas of Western North Carolina and 18 caregivers within the urban setting of Houston, Texas, and compared their unmet service needs and contextual factors that facilitate their service use. RESULTS: Thematic analyses revealed similar unmet service needs among rural and urban caregivers; however, the ways they approached and solved their challenges differed. Caregivers in rural areas wished for more information and caregiver support whereas urban caregivers looked for information they needed until they found the answers. Rural caregivers expressed guilt about using services because they felt they were limited and zero-sum whereas urban caregivers shared available resources so that other caregivers could use them as well. Unmet service needs for urban caregivers included more racially and ethnically specific services for people with ADRD in their ethnic-specific languages and foods while rural caregivers' cultural needs were not racially and ethnically specific but for more place-specific services. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Recommendations for rural caregivers included utilizing online and virtual opportunities and expanding their reach across the United States. For urban caregivers, increasing culturally tailored service options would likely increase access and use.

Gratitude Predicts Meaning in Life in Family Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease.

Gratitude is a well-known and researched internal positive psychological resource. Empirical data, however, on the association between gratitude, meaning in life, and burden in family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease is scant. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the relationships among these variables in a sample of family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's; and (2) determine if gratitude mediates the effects of perceived burden on meaning in life in this population. One-hundred and twenty-six adult family caregivers, most of whom were an intimate partner or adult child of a person with Alzheimer's, completed the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Zarit Burden Inventory, and other relevant measures. A series of OLS regression models, guided by the caregiver stress process model, were conducted. These analyses demonstrated that gratitude was a predictor of the presence of meaning in life among the caregivers in this study even when other key variables were considered. Furthermore, analyses revealed that gratitude fully mediated the effects of caregiver burden on the presence of meaning in life in this sample. Thus, clinicians should consider gratitude as an important internal resource for cultivating meaning in life in this population, especially when caregiver burden is present. Gratitude-bolstering clinical interventions should be further developed and tested as both stand-alone and complimentary additions to empirically supported psychoeducational approaches for supporting health and well-being in this population.

Hope Mediates Stress to Reduce Burden in Family Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease.

The experience of burden among family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia may be deleterious for their health and well-being. Little is known, however, about the degree to which internal positive psychological resources, such as hope, influence burden perceptions in this population. The current study is novel in that it examined how multiple dimensions of hope, hope-agency and hope-pathway, influenced burden in a sample of one-hundred and fifty-five family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease. The stress process model was used as the theoretical framework for variable specification in this study. Hope was conceptualized using Snyder and colleagues' hope theory. Supporting our first hypothesis, we found that burden was negatively associated with hope-agency, r = -0.33, p < 0.001 and hope-pathway, r = -0.24, p < 0.01. Multiple regression was used to determine if hope-agency and hope-pathway independently contributed to burden. Analysis revealed that hope-agency but not hope-pathway influenced burden when other key variables were taken into consideration. Findings from mediation analysis affirmed that hope-agency had a small but significant mediation effect between stress and burden in this sample. This study provides evidence for the relevance of assessing multiple dimensions of hope when working with caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's. Although replication studies are warranted, the current study confirms a need for further development and refinement of hope-bolstering behavioral interventions which may mediate stress and burden in this population. These interventions should be systematically assessed for efficacy and effectiveness via implementation studies in real-world settings.

The Influence of Spirituality on Professional Identity, Role Performance, and Career Resilience among Nursing Home Social Workers.

This paper explores how social workers integrate personal spirituality within nursing homes, where a highly regulated, stressful environment marginalizes professional identity and challenges retention. Researchers offer new evidence of how spirituality informs professional identity, ethical practice, and continuation in the role. Twenty BSW/MSW licensed nursing home social workers (NHSWs) reported how they daily navigate the personal spirituality-at-work opportunity and challenge. Qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews resulted in three primary codes and related subcodes: Spirituality-Integrated Professional Identity (Vocational Affirmation and Value Alignment), Spirituality-Informed Practice (Intervention Asset, Relational Affinity, and Ambiguous Boundaries), and Spiritually-Sustained Career Resilience. Respondents reported how spirituality animated professional identity, informed daily role enactment, and sustained role involvement. Recommendations are provided for normalizing ethical spirituality-at-work through social work education and practical guidance in navigating the spirituality and practice space.

A culturally and linguistically tailored Community-Engaged Dementia Education Program (CEDEP) for the Houston Vietnamese American community.

Data from the Vietnamese Aging and Care Survey (VACS) showed the high prevalence of disability, depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment in older Vietnamese immigrants and refugees. We proposed a Community-Engaged Dementia Education Program to examine the Houston Vietnamese American community's literacy on dementia and develop a one-pager educational material. This is a cross-sectional, qualitative study (interviews and focus groups) using the Cultural Exchange Model as a conceptual framework. We interviewed fourteen Vietnamese key informants and assessed the community's knowledge of dementia based on Edwards' 9-stage Community Readiness Model. The community's low literacy on dementia (Stages 2-3: Denial/resistance to vague awareness) was revealed. Approaches to introducing dementia conversations to the community and what to include in the one-pager were discussed. Based on the key informants' insight, we developed a dementia one-pager tailored to the community by using lay language with a representative image of the target population, indicating warning signs of dementia, and encouraging them to see their doctors for cognitive check-ups. The plan for the next steps includes utilizing the local ethnic media, collaborating with the existing pillars of the Cultural Exchange model, leveraging the university students' learning opportunities, and disseminating the culturally and linguistically tailored one-pager.

Feasibility and Efficacy of Life Review Delivered by Virtually-Trained Family Caregivers.

BACKGROUND: Due to the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in older Americans (≥65 years), we developed a six-week depression intervention, Caregiver-Provided Life Review (C-PLR) for care recipients (CRs) with early-stage dementia and mild depression. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the feasibility and efficacy of C-PLR delivered by virtually-trained caregivers (CGs) on CRs who live with dementia and depression in community and long-term care settings (N = 25 CG-CR dyads). METHODS: We used fidelity scores as a measure of CG's feasibility to provide C-PLR. We collected the pre- and post-measures on CRs' depression (primary outcome), life satisfaction, CGs' burden, positive aspects of caregiving, and CG-CR relationship quality (secondary outcomes) and compared them using paired t-tests. We evaluated if the effect differed by race/ethnicity, residential setting, or living alone. RESULTS: The average fidelity check-in score was 14.8±0.78 indicating high feasibility. CGs were 52 years old (mean), 88% female, 64% working, 72% college-educated, and 72% in good-excellent health. CRs were 81 years old (mean), 84% female, and 56% in poor-fair health. CRs' depression significantly improved (p < 0.001), and this effect was found in CRs who were Asian (p = 0.017), White (p = 0.040), community-dwelling (p < 0.001), lived alone (p = 0.045), or with others (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the C-PLR can be successfully taught to CGs virtually and is effective in reducing CR's depressive symptoms. C-PLR could be implemented more broadly to improve symptoms among CRs in community and residential settings, as well as among a diverse population of CRs.

Feasibility Study of Caregiver-Provided Life Review: Implementation, Adaptation, and Effects on Care Recipients' Depressive Symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the feasibility of unpaid, family/friend caregivers conducting life reviews with people with dementia in long-term care and community settings and reported on how we adapted the intervention modality under the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Twenty-one caregiver-care recipient dyads completed 6 weekly life review sessions. The intervention format was modified to accommodate COVID-19 restrictions. Primary and secondary outcome measures were analyzed based on repeated measures at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS: Due to the changing nature of the pandemic, we iterated the caregiver training intervention four times to accommodate caregivers' needs while having faced multiple recruitment challenges with care facility residents. Care recipients' depression appeared to have improved (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Although the COVID-19 pandemic created unique recruitment challenges, all the care recipients seemed to enjoy the life review activities supported by the positive outcomes in gaining socialization opportunities. It may be beneficial to offer a more self-paced intervention modality to ease the burden on caregivers. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: It appears that unpaid family/friend caregivers can provide life reviews to their loved ones with dementia. Training the caregivers on how to provide life reviews can be an easy, low-risk activity that might ameliorate depressive symptoms in the care recipients.