Social Determinant of Health Documentation Trends and Their Association with Emergency Department Admissions.

Research has shown that health outcomes are significantly driven by patient's social and economic needs and environment, commonly referred to as the social determinants of health (SDoH). Standardized documentation of social and economic needs in healthcare are underutilized. This study examines the prevalence of documented social and economic needs (Z-codes) in a nationwide inpatient database and the association with emergency department (ED) admissions. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effect of social and economic Z-codes on hospital admission through the ED. Payer source, gender, age at admission, comorbidity count, and median ZIP code income quartile covariates were included in the logistic regression analyses. Patients with documented social and economic Z-codes were significantly more likely to be admitted through the ED than those without documented social and economic needs, after adjusting for covariates. Standardized and widespread collection of these valuable Z-codes within EHR systems or administrative claims databases can help with targeted resource allocation to alleviate possible barriers to care and mitigate ED utilization.

Demographic factors influencing nonurgent emergency department utilization among a Medicaid population.

To use administrative medical encounter data to examine nonurgent emergency department (ED) utilization as it relates to member characteristics (i.e., age, gender, race/ethnicity, urbanicity and federal poverty level (FPL)). This 1 year cross-sectional study used medical claims from a managed care organization for Medicaid members enrolled from October 1, 2010 - September 30, 2011. ED encounters occurring during the study period were classified as either urgent or nonurgent using ICD-9 diagnosis codes obtained from medical claims. Examples of urgent diagnoses include head traumas, burns, allergic reactions, poisonings, preterm labor or maternal/fetal distress. A total of 187,263 members aged 2 to 65 years were retained for study. A zero-inflated Poisson regression model examined the influence of member-level characteristics on nonurgent ED utilization, while simultaneously adjusting for all factors. Females were 41 % more likely to have a nonurgent ED visit (p ≤ 0.0001). Members ages 50-65 were least likely to have a nonurgent ED visit (p ≤ 0.0001). White members had higher odds of having at least one nonurgent ED visit (p ≤ 0.0002). Rural members were 7.7 % less likely to have a nonurgent ED visit. Members in the 400 % + FPL category were less likely to seek nonurgent care from an ED (p ≤ 0.0001). A nonurgent ED visit occurs when care is sought at an ED that could have been handled in a primary care setting. Approximately 30-50 % of all ED visits in the United States are considered nonurgent. This study supports the need to determine factors associated with misuse of ED services for nonurgent care. Demographic factors significantly impacting nonurgent ED utilization include gender, age, race/ethnicity, urbanicity and percent of the FPL. Results may be useful in ED utilization management efforts.