ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to examine the acute toxicity and sub-lethal effects of the commercial formulation of diquat dibromide, Reward® Landscape and Aquatic Herbicide, on multiple life stages of rainbow trout. The continuous exposure 96 h LC50 derived for juvenile feeding fry aged 85 d post-hatch was 9.8 mg/L. Rainbow trout eyed embryos and juvenile feeding fry were also exposed to concentrations of Reward® ranging from 0.12 to 10 mg/L during two 24 h pulse exposures separated by 14 d of rearing in fresh water to mimic the manufacturers instructions for direct applications to water bodies. Decreased survival and body morphometrics were evident at 9.3 mg/L during the embryo/alevin exposures, but not in feeding juveniles, indicating a higher sensitivity of the early life stage fish. Quantitative proteomics and subnetwork enrichment analyses were conducted in the livers for both life stages to evaluate protein profiles after exposure to 0.37 mg/L diquat via Reward® exposure. Unique protein profiles were revealed for pre-feeding swim-up fry and for feeding juvenile fish, reflecting differences between the two life stages in sub-cellular responses after diquat dibromide exposure. Hepatic proteome effects were more dramatic in the pre-feeding swim-up fry with 315 proteins differentially expressed between the control and exposed fish while in the later life stage feeding fry, only 84 proteins were different after Reward® exposure. Exposure to Reward® significantly increased RNA/mRNA processes, induced activation of Atk/mTOR and caspase activity, and altered energy homeostasis. Proteomic alterations are associated with reduced growth observed in embryo/alevin at higher exposure concentrations, offering insight into key events underlying growth impairment within the adverse outcome pathway framework. This study is the first to report the sub-cellular and whole organism level effects of diquat dibromide in a commercial formulation and demonstrates that concentrations based on aquatic application rates alter the hepatic proteome.
