Zone 1 and 2 flexor tendon repair via a longitudinal incision crossing the volar distal interphalangeal joint: functional and cosmetic outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The primary aim of this study was to present patient-reported functional outcomes after zone 1 and 2 flexor tendon repair using a novel longitudinal volar approach crossing the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) perpendicularly. The secondary aims were to investigate the cosmetic outcomes, satisfaction and complication rates associated with this technique. METHODS: Over a 6-year period, 75 patients underwent flexor tendon repair using this technique. The quick version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), five-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L), Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and satisfaction questionnaires were collected. QuickDASH scores were available for 59 patients (79%), and POSAS scores were available for 45 patients (60%) at a mean follow-up of 48 months. Concomitant nerve repairs were undertaken in 24 cases. RESULTS: The median QuickDASH score was 4.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 1.1-12.5) and median POSAS score was 12 (IQR 8-16). No significant difference was observed in median QuickDASH score between patients with and without a concomitant nerve repair (4.5 vs 6.8; p = 0.36). Fifty-six patients (94%) were satisfied. Two patients required open tenolysis, and a single case of early re-rupture occurred that required revision open repair. CONCLUSIONS: Utilising validated patient-reported functional outcomes, this study demonstrated that a direct longitudinal incision over the DIPJ for zone 1 and 2 flexor tendon repairs can result in excellent functional and cosmetic outcomes, with high rates of patient satisfaction and low rates of complications. This challenges previously held dogma that longitudinal incisions crossing flexion creases should be avoided.

Long-term functional outcomes after total wrist arthrodesis.

Current literature surrounding functional outcomes after total wrist arthrodesis is limited by short follow-up or limited use of validated patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). The primary aim of this study was to describe long-term functional outcomes following wrist arthrodesis. Secondary aims were to describe the incidence of complications and patient satisfaction. This was a retrospective single-center study. Patients with a minimum of 10-year follow-up completed a questionnaire including the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE), the Quick version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick-DASH) score, the EQ-5D-5L score, and a question assessing satisfaction. Presence of a complication was also assessed. During the study period 66 patients underwent total arthrodesis. At a median follow-up of 15 years, complete patient reported outcomes were available for 34 patients. Thirty-two patients were lost to follow-up. Mean age at surgery was 49 and 16 patients were female. Mean PRWE and Quick-DASH scores were 44.8 (SD 27.7; range 0-96) and 41.9 (SD 23.6; range 2.3-97.7) respectively. Twenty-eight patients were satisfied. Nine patients reported complications. There were six cases of hardware removal and two cases of prominent metalwork. One patient underwent revision surgery for non-union. Presence of a complication did not affect the Quick-DASH or PRWE scores. Median EQ-5D-5L score was 0.7. This long-term follow-up suggests high levels of patient satisfaction and health related quality of life, despite significant functional disability. The complication rates are not insignificant, although the presence of a complication did not affect functional outcomes.

Long-term outcomes following surgical repair of acute injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint ulnar collateral ligament.

The primary aim of this study was to describe the long-term patient reported outcomes following surgical repair of acute injuries to the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint ulnar collateral ligament (UCL). The secondary aims were to describe the long-term health related quality of life, patient satisfaction and complication rate. From a single surgeon series, 30 patients were identified over an 11 year period (February 2000-February 2011). QuickDASH, EQ-5D-5L, and satisfaction scores were collected from 22 patients (73%) at mean 183 month follow up. The median QuickDASH score was 2.27. Median EQ-5D-5L was 0.88. Satisfaction rate was 82%, Net Promotor Score was 90. Significantly worse QuickDASH scores were seen in patients that developed MCP joint arthrosis or had had subsequent ipsilateral hand injuries (median 39.7 vs 2.27; p = 0.002). All the patients employed at the time of surgery returned to work without long-term adaptations. Surgical repair of acute UCL injury generally provides an excellent long-term functional outcome and satisfaction rate. Complications are rare but where MCP joint arthrosis develops functional outcomes can be significantly worse.

The changing epidemiology of radial head replacement over a 22-year period in Scotland.

BACKGROUND: Radial head replacement is used to confer joint stability in the management of acute unstable elbow fractures and dislocations associated with instability. We determined the annual incidence of radial head replacement over a 22-year period in a defined population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospital episode statistics were collected prospectively at a national level. This database was retrospectively examined to determine the annual incidence of radial head replacement over the study period in adults over 16 years of age. RESULTS: A total of 615 radial head replacements were performed over the 22 years studied. The overall incidence was 0.65/100,000/year (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.50-0.71). The average adult population during the period was 4,270,593. There was a steady and statistically significant increase in the incidence of radial head replacement over the study period (r 2 = 0.816; p < 0.0001). This incidence was significantly greater in women than men (odds ratio 1.46, 95% CI 1.25-1.72; p < 0.001). The peak incidence in men was 0.87/100,000 population/year in the fifth decade of life while in women the peak incidence was in the seventh decade of life (1.38/100,000 population/year). CONCLUSION: The incidence of radial head replacement has increased steadily over 22 years. We hypothesise that this represents an evolving understanding of the role of radial head replacement in acute trauma in the context of emerging literature during the study period.

Hand-arm vibration and outcomes of surgery for Dupuytren's contracture.

BACKGROUND: Dupuytren's contracture was recently designated a prescribed occupational disease when it occurs in patients with previous hand-arm vibration (HAV) exposure. AIMS: The aims of this study were to describe the impact of self-reported HAV exposure on upper limb function and satisfaction following surgery for Dupuytren's contracture. METHODS: Paired pre- and postoperative Quick version of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) and patient satisfaction questionnaires were prospectively collected from all patients undergoing surgery for Dupuytren's contracture over a 6-year period. Patients self-reported HAV exposure duration. RESULTS: Results were available for 425 hands (65%) at mean 13 months postoperatively. There were 111 patients (26%) that reported HAV exposure. The prevalence of HAV exposure was significantly greater in male compared with female patients (32% versus 4%; P < 0.001). A statistically significant difference in preoperative (difference 7.47; 95% confidence interval 4.78-10.17; P < 0.001) and postoperative QuickDASH score (difference 6.78; 95% confidence interval 2.69-10.88; P < 0.001) was observed between the two groups, but difference in QuickDASH improvement was not significantly different (difference 1.76; 95% confidence interval -1.58 to 5.10; P > 0.05). No significant difference in satisfaction rate or return to work was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Previous HAV exposure influenced the pre and postoperative function in patients undergoing surgery for Dupuytren's contracture, but had no effect on satisfaction or return to work. Further prospective research will be required to determine whether the introduction of a compensatory framework will have a more profound effect on the functional outcomes of surgery.

Extensor indicis transfer improves function in patients after rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon.

The primary aim was to determine the improvement in patient-reported functional outcomes (PROMs) following extensor indicis proprius (EIP) transfer for a closed rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon. Secondary aims were to analyze the impact of this procedure on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and satisfaction. Preoperative and one-year postoperative PROMs were collected prospectively at a single institution over a two-year period (2014-2016). The primary outcome measure was the QuickDASH score. Patients also completed satisfaction scores, and the EQ-5D-5L score was used to evaluate HRQoL. Paired data was available for 12 patients (92%) at mean 19 months following surgery. A statistically-significant improvement in mean QuickDASH score was observed from 29.7 (SD: 21.7) preoperatively to 15.2 (SD: 16.4) postoperatively (p?=?0.05). Nine patients reported an improvement, one patient reported no change, and the remaining two reported deterioration in QuickDASH score. Median EQ-5D-5L improved significantly from 0.82 (IQR: 0.71 - 1.0) to 0.93 (0.77 to 1.0) postoperatively (p?

Comorbid status influences quality of life following carpal tunnel decompression.

The aim of this study was to characterize the change in health-related quality of life following carpal tunnel decompression. Pre- and postoperative Euroqol 5 Dimensions scores were collected prospectively over three years. Outcomes were available for 435 of 563 patients (77%); mean age was 62 years. Comorbid status was described using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Change in Euroqol 5 Dimensions scores declined with increasing age and Charlson Comorbidity Index: the greatest improvement in quality of life occurred in the youngest group (+0.07 vs. -0.07 in the oldest group; p < 0.001) and patients with the lowest Comorbidity Index (+0.05 vs. -0.07 in the highest comorbidity group; p < 0.001). Charlson Comorbidity Index was an independent predictor of worse change in Euroqol 5 Dimensions scores on regression analysis. Carpal tunnel decompression results in significant improvement in health-related quality of life in younger patients with minimal comorbidities, but not in older patients with more comorbidities. We advise interpreting the Euroqol 5 Dimensions scores with caution in this patient cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III (cohort study).

Occupation classification predicts return to work after carpal tunnel decompression.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between hand function, employment status and return to work (RTW) after carpal tunnel decompression (CTD) is unclear. AIMS: To investigate predictors of RTW following CTD. METHODS: We prospectively collected pre-operative and 1-year post-operative outcomes and RTW data for all patients undergoing CTD at one centre between 29 May 2014 and 29 May 2017. We used the Standard Occupation Classification 2010. RESULTS: Pre- and post-operative results were available for 469 (79%) of the 597 patients who had CTD surgery. Pre-operatively, 219 (47%) were employed, 216 (46%) were retired, 26 (6%) were not working due to long-term illness and eight (2%) were unemployed. Complete data sets were available for 178 (81%) of the 219 employed patients, of whom 161 (90%) were able to RTW. Of the rest, five (3%) had changed jobs and 12 (7%) were unable to work. Median RTW time was 4 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 2-6 weeks). Significantly more patients undertaking manual labour were unable to RTW (15% versus 5%; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in mean number of weeks absent between manual (5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9-6.5) and non-manual workers (6.2; 95% CI 4.8-7.6) (P > 0.05). Median pre-operative (difference 15.9; 95% CI 4.5-25) and post-operative (difference 43.2; 95% CI 13.6-43.2) hand function scores were significantly worse in patients who did not RTW (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients can RTW within 1 year of CTD. Failure to RTW is more likely in manual workers and patients with poorer pre-operative hand function.

Prospective randomised trial of non-operative versus operative management of olecranon fractures in the elderly.

AIMS: The aim of this prospective randomised controlled trial was to compare non-operative and operative management for acute isolated displaced fractures of the olecranon in patients aged ≥ 75 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomised to either non-operative management or operative management with either tension-band wiring or fixation with a plate. They were reviewed at six weeks, three and six months and one year after the injury. The primary outcome measure was the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score at one year. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients were randomised to non-operative (n = 8) or operative (n = 11; tension-band wiring (n = 9), plate (n = 2)) management. The trial was stopped prematurely as the rate of complications (nine out of 11, 81.8%) in the operative group was considered to be unacceptable. There was, however, no difference in the mean DASH scores between the groups at all times. The mean score was 23 (0 to 59.6) in the non-operative group and 22 (2.5 to 57.8) in the operative group, one year after the injury (p = 0.763). There was no significant difference between groups in the secondary outcome measures of the Broberg and Morrey Score or the Mayo Elbow Score at any time during the one year following injury (all p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data further support the role of primary non-operative management of isolated displaced fractures of the olecranon in the elderly. However, the non-inferiority of non-operative management cannot be proved as the trial was stopped prematurely. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:964-72.

Interpretation of the QuickDASH score after open carpal tunnel decompression: threshold values associated with patient satisfaction.

UNLABELLED: We studied the correlation between change in the QuickDASH score and the absolute post-operative QuickDASH score with patient satisfaction after open carpal tunnel decompression. Threshold values in the QuickDASH score, the point at which the sensitivity and specificity are maximal in predicting patient satisfaction, were identified. During the study period, outcome data were compiled for 937 carpal tunnel decompressions, which included 219 (23%) male and 718 (77%) female patients with a mean age of 58 years (standard deviation (SD) 14). There was a significant improvement (mean difference 32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 30 to 34) in the QuickDASH from a mean of 54 (SD 20) to 22 (SD 23) at 1 year after surgery. There were 808 (86%) patients who defined their outcome as satisfactory at 1 year. The identified threshold values for the post-operative QuickDASH score (⩽34 points) and the change (⩾20 points) in the score were highly predictive of patient satisfaction. However, these threshold values varied significantly according to the baseline pre-operative score. The threshold values identified in the QuickDASH can be used to interpret the score. However, the influence of the pre-operative baseline score should be taken into account when comparing different cohorts of patients or using the values to power future studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: Prognosis, observational cohort study.

Carpal tunnel decompression in the super-elderly: functional outcome and patient satisfaction are equal to those of their younger counterparts.

There is conflicting evidence about the functional outcome and rate of satisfaction of super-elderly patients (≥ 80 years of age) after carpal tunnel decompression. We compiled outcome data for 756 patients who underwent a carpal tunnel decompression over an eight-year study period, 97 of whom were super-elderly, and 659 patients who formed a younger control group (< 80 years old). There was no significant difference between the super-elderly patients and the younger control group in terms of functional outcome according to the mean (0 to 100) QuickDASH score (adjusted mean difference at one year 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.4 to 7.0) and satisfaction rate (odds ratio (OR) 0.78; 95% CI 0.34 to 1.58). Super-elderly patients were, however, more likely to have thenar muscle atrophy at presentation (OR 9.2, 95% CI 5.8 to 14.6). When nerve conduction studies were obtained, super-elderly patients were more likely to have a severe conduction deficit (OR 12.4, 95% CI 3.0 to 51.3). Super-elderly patients report functional outcome and satisfaction rates equal to those of their younger counterparts. They are more likely to have thenar muscle atrophy and a severe nerve conduction deficit at presentation, and may therefore warrant earlier decompression.

Variability in local pressures under digital tourniquets.

The UK National Patient Safety Agency issued a rapid response report in 2009 following reports of complications related to digital tourniquet use and inadvertent retention. In their guidance, they recommend the use of CE marked digital tourniquets and advise against the use of surgical gloves. There are a number of different commercially available non-pneumatic digital tourniquets, but little clear data relating to their comparable physical properties, clinical efficacy or safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the variability of pressures exerted by non-pneumatic digital tourniquets. A Tekscan FlexiForce(®) force sensor was used to measure applied force and to calculate the surface pressures under: the Toe-niquet™; T-Ring™ and surgical glove 'roll down' tourniquets in finger models. The lowest mean pressures were produced by the larger glove sizes (size 8) (25 mmHg), while the highest pressures were produced by the Toe-niquet (1560 mmHg). There was a significant overall difference in pressures exerted under tourniquets when comparing tourniquet type (p<0.001) and finger size (p<0.001) with these techniques. It is difficult to anticipate and regulate pressures generated by non-pneumatic tourniquets. Safe limits for application time and surface pressures are difficult to define. Further work is required to model the pressure effects of commercially available digital tourniquets and to identify which are most effective but safe.

Prevention of knot slippage with the use of cyanoacrylate glue: a mechanical study.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of cyanoacrylate glue on knot slippage and strength in vitro. METHODS: Ethibond 3/0 was tested using a tensile tester. A single drop of cyanoacrylate glue was applied to the knots. Seven knot configurations (10 samples each) were tested: (1) a surgeon's knot (S) plus 4 square throws (+4) without glue (control group), (2) S plus one square throw (+1) without glue, (3) S+1 with glue, (4) S with glue, (5) S+1 wet posttie without glue, (6) S+1 wet pre-tie without glue, and (7) S+1 wet pre-tie with glue. Wet sutures were immersed in normal saline for 24 hours prior to knot tying. Wet pre- and post-tie sutures were immersed for one minute prior to knot tying and tensile testing, respectively. Outcome measures were the mode of failure (knot slippage or suture snapping) and the ultimate tensile strength. RESULTS: All knots without glue failed owing to knot slippage, except for the controls, whereas all knots with glue failed owing to suture snapping. The ultimate tensile strength was significantly higher in knots with glue and controls than in knots without glue. The ultimate tensile strength did not differ significantly between S+4 without glue and S with glue (p=0.48), indicating that glue could reinforce knots and reduce the number of throws needed. Wet suture is protective against failure (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Cyanocrylate glue may have clinical applications for flexor tendon repairs for which a reduced knot size is advantageous.

Carpal tunnel syndrome: the association with occupation at a population level.

The aim of this study was to examine the association of occupation and gender with the incidence and severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We examined 884 patients of working age, diagnosed with CTS, in a specialist hand clinic that was the only provider of hand services to a health board area. We categorized occupation using the Standard Occupational Classification 2010 (SOC2010) and used local census data to calculate the incidence in each of the nine major occupational groups. The greatest incidence was in caring and leisure occupations (197 per 100 000 population per year), while the lowest incidence was in the associate professional group (37 per 100 000). Professional occupations had a high incidence of CTS, along with skilled trades and elementary occupations. Women had a higher incidence of CTS than men in managerial, professional, skilled trades, and elementary occupations (OR 2.9-3.6). The Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score varied across occupational groups (p < 0.001) and was worst in the caring and leisure group. As traditional heavy industry associated with previously described occupational risks declines, new patterns of occupational association may emerge. We recommend ongoing observational research of potential occupational risk factors to identify these new trends.

The outcome of carpal tunnel decompression in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is recognised as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome. The response to treatment is unclear, and may be poorer than in non-diabetic patients. Previous randomised studies of interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome have specifically excluded diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of carpal tunnel syndrome in diabetic patients, and compare the outcome of carpal tunnel decompression with non-diabetic patients. The primary endpoint was improvement in the QuickDASH score. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 11.3% (176 of 1564). Diabetic patients were more likely to have severe neurophysiological findings at presentation. Patients with diabetes had poorer QuickDASH scores at one year post-operatively (p = 0.028), although the mean difference was lower than the minimal clinically important difference for this score. After controlling for underlying differences in age and gender, there was no difference between groups in the magnitude of improvement after decompression (p = 0.481). Patients with diabetes mellitus can therefore be expected to enjoy a similar improvement in function.

Tensioning of Prolene reduces creep under cyclical load: relevance to a simple pre-operative manoeuvre.

A longitudinal stretch or 'pre-tensioning' is a method employed by some surgeons to improve the handling characteristics of a suture. We used a tensile tester to assess the effect of pre-tensioning on the mechanical properties of two suture materials (3-0 Prolene and 3-0 Ethibond) commonly used for flexor tendon repair. A cyclical loading programme was used to simulate an early rehabilitation regime. All sutures were subsequently tested to failure (for ultimate tensile strength). The pre-tensioned Prolene sutures showed significantly less creep after cyclical loading in comparison to controls. Conversely pre-tensioning had no measurable effect on the deformation of Ethibond by creep. There was no effect on ultimate tensile strength for either material. The propensity of Prolene to creep (and thereby form a 'gap' in tendon repairs) can be reduced by pre-tensioning.

Socioeconomic deprivation and the epidemiology of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Deprivation has been recognized as a major determinant of health and is associated with several musculoskeletal conditions. This study examines the effect of deprivation on the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome using a regional prospective audit database. Over a 6 year period there were 1564 patients diagnosed with CTS with an annual incidence of 72/100,000 population. There was a significant difference in population incidence of CTS from the most deprived (81/100,000) to the least deprived (62/100,000) (p = 0.003). Functional impairment was higher in the most deprived group compared with the least (DASH 56 vs 48, p = 0.001). The most deprived group exhibited the greatest exposure to occupation vibration (42.7%), and had the greatest risk of bilateral disease (OR = 2.33, p < 0.001). We report an association between socioeconomic deprivation and carpal tunnel syndrome, with the disease being more likely to be bilateral and have a poorer DASH score in the most deprived patients.

Grip strength and forearm circumference in a healthy population.

Two hundred and fifty subjects were recruited. Age, sex, hand preference and anthropometric measurements were recorded for each subject. Grip strength was measured using a Jamar hydraulic dynamometer. Multiple regression analyses were performed. One hundred and seventy two subjects were men and 78 were women. Twenty-six subjects were left hand dominant. Hand grip strength was greatest for the 35 to 44 year old group for both sexes. Grip strength was consistently greater for men than women. Contralateral grip strength predicted maximum grip strength for both sexes. Forearm circumference predicted maximum hand grip strength for men. Although there was a large range of forearm circumferences in the population, there was little difference between sides for each subject (100% less than 2 cm). The demonstrated relationships between: (i) contralateral grip strengths and (ii) grip strength and forearm circumference lead us to suggest that for certain pathologies, a difference in forearm circumference greater than 2 cm may lend credence to a measurement of diminished grip strength.