Prevalence of preoperative anaemia in patients having first-time cardiac surgery and its impact on clinical outcome. A retrospective observational study.

The prevalence of anaemia is increasing globally. It has a close association with perioperative blood transfusion which, in turn, results in an increased risk of postoperative complications. Undesirable effects are not only limited to short-term, but also have long-term implications. Despite this, many patients undergo cardiac surgery with undiagnosed and untreated anaemia. We designed a retrospective, observational study to estimate the prevalence of anaemia in patients having cardiac surgery in Auckland District Health Board, blood transfusion rates and associated clinical outcome. Two hundred of seven hundred and twelve (28.1%) patients were anaemic. Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion rates were significantly higher in the anaemic group compared to the non-anaemic group (160 (80%) vs. 192 (38%), p-value <0.0001, RR (CI 95%) 2.133 (1.870-2.433)). Transfusion rates for fresh frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate and platelets were also higher in the anaemic group. Anaemia was significantly associated with the development of new infection (14 (7%) vs. 15 (2.9%), p-value 0.0193, RR (CI 95%) 2.389 (1.175-4.859)), prolonged ventilation time (47.01 hours vs. 23.59 hours, p-value 0.0076) and prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay (80.23 hours vs. 50.27, p-value 0.0011). Preoperative anaemia is highly prevalent and showed a clear link with significantly higher transfusion rates and postoperative morbidity. It is vital that a preoperative management plan for the correction of anaemia should be sought to improve patient safety and outcome.

New Zealand anaesthesia trainees and implications for the future workforce.

Attempting to ensure an adequate anaesthesia workforce for New Zealand requires many variables to be taken into consideration. The difficulty lies in trying to predict and match the future needs of the population and the future needs of the workforce itself. This paper examines variables that affect anaesthesia trainees' decisions in regard to future work plans which will affect anaesthesia distribution and manpower in New Zealand, particularly in smaller hospitals. It is already apparent that with distribution problems and/or actual shortages, the gaps in workforce availability for any professional group tend to be in the smaller centres. All New Zealand anaesthesia trainees were sent a questionnaire in 2002, with 110 of 138 trainees responding (79.7%). It appears enough specialists are being trained, with 80% indicating a desire to remain in New Zealand and 13% stating Australia as their choice of destination. The influence of student debt or encouragement of overseas training experience did not appear to be important in their decisions. Having a rotation during training to smaller hospitals had a positive effect on attitudes to working in smaller hospitals as specialists. The recruitment of these future specialists into smaller hospitals also depends upon broader lifestyle choices. Selection of smaller hospitals for anaesthesia practice is encouraged by good financial incentives, adequate professional support, including support by junior doctors, access to ongoing professional development and inclusion into a wider rotation with a larger hospital.