Collaborative approach to reducing cardiac arrests in an acute medical unit.

Cardiac arrests are often preceded by a period of physiological deterioration. Preventing potentially avoidable cardiac arrests therefore depends on reliable recognition of, and response to, those deteriorations. Our hospital's acute medical unit had one of the highest rates of cardiac arrest in our organisation at baseline. The aim was to reduce our unit's cardiac arrest rate by over 50%. Pareto chart analysis identified unreliable processes in the recognition and response to deteriorating patients. Process mapping exercises were performed, then the model for improvement and rapid cycle tests of change were used to develop standardised processes for clinical observations, recognising deteriorating patients and responding to hypoxia. Multidisciplinary learning from what went well, incorporating resilience engineering principles, helped to identify good practice and then test ways of making good practice happen more reliably. Learning from success also addressed some of the psychological barriers to change by encouraging pride in work and a positive focus within our unit. The cardiac arrest rate reduced from 4.3/1000 (October 2014 to February 2016) to 1.1/1000 (March 2016 to end of 2016), associated with improved reliability of the following process measures: reliability of clinical observations, documentation of target oxygen saturations, identification of hypoxia and completion of structured response to hypoxia. This study is an example of a multidisciplinary team engaging in quality improvement, identifying their own local problems and testing their solutions scientifically. Learning from what went well had a positive impact on the project, and the team plans to spread the successful interventions across the organisation.

Defending a traditional practice in the modern era: The use of lumbar puncture in the investigation of subarachnoid haemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Acute severe headache is a common medical presentation, and a common area of diagnostic uncertainty. Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is the cause in a minority of patients and has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, its conclusive diagnosis with computed tomography (CT) or lumbar puncture (LP) is paramount. With advancement in imaging technology, emerging evidence now suggests that LP is no longer required for a subset of patients as CT has 100% sensitivity in detecting SAH, when performed under specific conditions. OBJECTIVES: To assess the proportion of patients with conclusive CSF xanthochromia results following a negative CT scan in suspected SAH to determine the diagnostic efficacy of LP. METHODS: CSF bilirubin and oxyhaemoglobin spectrophotometric absorbance data from all centres in a regional health board were identified for consecutive patients over a 6-month period. Results were stratified as conclusive (positive or negative), or inconclusive according to national guidelines. RESULTS: 239 of 255 (93.7%) results were conclusive: 89.0% were negative (227 of 255). 4.7% of results were positive (12 of 255), revealing 4 cerebral aneurysms requiring treatment. 16 out of 255 (6.3%) samples were inconclusive, yielding 1 aneurysm requiring treatment. In the same period, there were 27 CT-positive cases of SAH. CONCLUSIONS: LP has a high diagnostic yield, eliminating the need for neurosurgical opinion or investigation in almost 90% of cases. The test is both cost and time efficient and subjects only a small number of patients to the radiation and contrast risks of angiography.

CSF xanthochromia analysis takes longer following centralisation of the laboratories testing samples - how can we improve the time to result?

Lumbar puncture is an essential tool for excluding subarachnoid haemorrhage. In August 2012, the laboratory at which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analysed for xanthochromia in Lanarkshire was centralised at Hairmyres (East Kilbride, UK). Prior to this, each of the three hospitals analysed their own specimens. We aim to assess whether or not the change in xanthochromia processing has resulted in diagnostic delay at Wishaw General Hospital in the assessment of CT negative possible subarachnoid haemorrhage. We subsequently assessed the impact of a strategy to minimise any delay, i.e. increasing laboratory processing hours. Patients undergoing CSF analysis for xanthochromia were identified directly from the laboratory database. Time of lumbar puncture, and time of xanthochromia results were obtained from the hospital's laboratory computer system. Data were analysed using a commercially available statistical software programme (Microsoft Excel). Audit was repeated after the change to a centralised laboratory, and again following the increased laboratory working hours. Mean time from lumbar puncture to availability of xanthochromia result was significantly longer following the laboratory change (20.8±3.5 hours post [n=35] vs. 12.5±3.0 pre, p=0.01 [n=17]). However, following a change in the laboratory's practice, there was no improvement (19.8±3.4 hours post practice change [n=35]), and this remained significantly longer when compared to the original laboratory set-up (p=0.025). The change in laboratory processing CSF samples for xanthochromia in Lanarkshire resulted in a significant delay in analysing the samples. Attempts by the laboratory to extend processing hours did not make any significant improvement, but having expanded our knowledge of the issues, further measures are now planned to minimise delays in the future. Centralisation of laboratory services for CSF analysis, whilst cheaper, may impact negatively on clinical care.

Improving time to antibiotics and implementing the "Sepsis 6".

It has been shown that completion of the "Sepsis 6" within 1 hour reduces mortality (1). This project aims to assess compliance with this standard and evaluate the effectiveness of a sepsis improvement plan in a district general hospital in the UK. A baseline audit was performed, examining case notes of "septic patients" retrospectively (those on intravenous antibiotics). Compliance with each element of the sepsis six plus time to first antibiotic (TTFA) was assessed. A sepsis improvement plan was introduced consisting of staff education, reinforcing vigilance, regular multidisciplinary meetings and incorporating a standardised approach through the use of a sepsis proforma. Following the introduction of this, and after some refinement, the average time to antibiotic fell from 6 hours to 1.4 hours. In conclusion, an educational drive along with a systematic change in processes has seen reduced TTFA along with enhanced compliance with most elements of the sepsis 6. Through continued assessment and further improving upon systematic processes with continued education we would anticipate consistent improvement in the management of septic patients.

Preparing medical students for clinical decision making: a pilot study exploring how students make decisions and the perceived impact of a clinical decision making teaching intervention.

BACKGROUND: Junior doctors are frequently faced with making difficult clinical decisions and previous studies have shown that they are unprepared for some aspects of clinical decision making. AIM: To explore medical students' feelings and strategies when responsible for making clinical decisions and to obtain students' views of the effectiveness of a clinical decision making teaching intervention. METHODS: A teaching intervention was developed, consisting of a clinical decision making tool, a tutorial and scenarios within a simulated ward environment. A total of 23 volunteer students participated in individual interviews immediately after their simulator sessions. The qualitative data from the interviews were analysed to identify emerging themes. RESULTS: Despite extended shadowing programmes, students feel unprepared for clinical decision making as FY1s, and lack effective decision making strategies. Experiencing complex decision making scenarios through individually orientated simulation results in students being subjectively more prepared for work as FY1s. CONCLUSION: Students continue to feel unprepared for the responsibility of clinical decision making. A teaching intervention, including simulated individual clinical scenarios, later in undergraduate training, appeared to be useful in improving medical students' decision making, specifically in relation to making a diagnosis, prioritising, asking for help and multi-tasking, but further work is required.