Influence of high-oryzanol rice bran oil on the oxidative stability of whole milk powder.

The effect of high oryzanol rice bran oil (RBO) on the oxidative stability of low-heat and high-heat whole milk powder (WMP) was investigated. Milk (3.6% fat) was fortified with RBO at 0.1 and 0.2% (wt/wt) and was concentrated and dried. Control WMP was made without RBO addition. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were used to monitor oxidation during storage at 45 degrees C for 40 d. The oxidation of low-heat WMP was significantly reduced by addition of 0.1% RBO, but there was no significant effect on the oxidation of high-heat WMP. An increase of RBO to 0.2% did not significantly improve the oxidative stability when compared with 0.1% RBO. The TBARS in RBO-fortified, low-heat WMP increased with storage time up to 30 d but decreased with further storage to 40 d. The TBARS in all high-heat WMP and low-heat control WMP increased up to 20 d storage and then decreased with further storage. The most likely reason for this increase was due to the reaction of TBARS with milk proteins. Addition of RBO reduced the L (lightness) value and increased the b (yellowness) value but had no effect on the a (redness) value. When compared with the control milk powder, consumers could not detect any effect on the flavor of the reconstituted 0.1% RBO WMP but could detect a flavor difference in the 0.2% RBO WMP.

Hormones in Foods: Presence of Enterostatin-Like Immunoreactivities in Bovine Milk.

Enterostatins, pentapeptides (Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg [VPDPR], Val-Pro-Gly-Pro-Arg, Ala-Pro-Gly-Pro- Arg [APGPR], and others) derived from the amino terminus of procolipase, are endogenous to a variety of tissues and body fluids including brain, gut, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. The administration of exogenous peptides has been shown to elicit a variety of biologic activities, including a decrease in dietary fat preference and pancreatic insulin secretion. Since milk is a rich source of a variety of bioactive substances, especially peptides, we investigated the presence of enterostatin-like immunoreactivity in bovine milk. We measured enterostatins-APGPR and VPDPR-in milk from a herd of 19 cows randomly selected from the Louisiana State University Department of Dairy Science Research Herd in Baton Rouge; the results of this study show a mean peptide concentration in raw milk of 33.7 ± 2.9 ng/ml for APGPR and of 104.5 ± 16.3 ng/ml for VPDPR. A further chromatographic characterization of the nature of APGPR- and VPDPR-like immunoreactivities suggested the endogenous peptides share a common epitope with APGPR or VPDPR but are not APGPR or VPDPR. Unlike APGPR or VPDPR, the endogenous peptides were heat-labile and therefore their values were much lower in pasteurized milk.

The addition of oat fiber and natural alternative sweeteners in the manufacture of plain yogurt.

Calorie-reduced yogurts that were fortified with 1.32% oat fiber were prepared from lactose-hydrolyzed milk, alone and supplemented with 2 and 4% sucrose or with 1.6, 3.6, and 5.5% fructose. Treated samples were compared with unsweetened yogurt and with yogurts sweetened with 2, 4, and 6% sucrose. Addition of 5.5% fructose increased fermentation time by 60%, slowing down the production of lactic, pyruvic, acetic, and propionic acids and the consumption of hippuric and orotic acids. Lactose hydrolysis had an inhibitory effect on starter activity at the beginning of fermentation and a stimulatory effect at the end of fermentation. Fiber addition led to increases in concentrations of acetic and propionic acid. Lactobacilli counts were lower in samples treated with fructose. The use of hydrolyzed milk had a stimulatory effect on total bacteria and lactobacilli counts throughout the cold storage period. After 28 d of storage, lactobacilli counts were consistently higher in fiber-fortified yogurts, but total bacteria counts were lower. Apparent viscosity increased with the addition of sweetener and fiber. Lactose-hydrolyzed and fructose yogurts had the highest viscosity values. Samples sweetened with sucrose received the highest scores for flavor. Fiber addition decreased overall flavor quality. The lactose-hydrolyzed yogurts received the highest flavor scores, independent of fiber fortification. Fiber addition improved the body and texture of unsweetened yogurts but lowered overall scores for body and texture in yogurts sweetened with sucrose.

Determination of organic acids during the fermentation and cold storage of yogurt.

The objective of the present study was the separation and quantification of orotic, citric, pyruvic, lactic, uric, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and hippuric acids in a single isocratic analysis by HPLC. Two methods of extraction were compared: 1) acetonitrile and water and 2) .01N H2SO4. Recoveries of orotic, lactic, acetic, and propionic acids were 90% for both methods. Recoveries of citric, pyruvic, uric, butyric, and hippuric acids were not satisfactory with the acetonitrile method, but were acceptable using the H2SO4 extraction procedure. Yogurts were manufactured under laboratory-scale conditions, and samples were analyzed during fermentation and after storage at 4 degrees C. Samples were analyzed for pH and organic acids. All of the organic acids exhibited varying degrees of increases and decreases during fermentation and storage. Formic and butyric acids were not detected under the conditions of this study.