Evidence for the existing American Nurses Association-recognized standardized nursing terminologies: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the state of the science for the five standardized nursing terminology sets in terms of level of evidence and study focus. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Keyword search of PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases from 1960s to March 19, 2012 revealed 1257 publications. REVIEW METHODS: From abstract review we removed duplicate articles, those not in English or with no identifiable standardized nursing terminology, and those with a low-level of evidence. From full text review of the remaining 312 articles, eight trained raters used a coding system to record standardized nursing terminology names, publication year, country, and study focus. Inter-rater reliability confirmed the level of evidence. We analyzed coded results. RESULTS: On average there were 4 studies per year between 1985 and 1995. The yearly number increased to 14 for the decade between 1996 and 2005, 21 between 2006 and 2010, and 25 in 2011. Investigators conducted the research in 27 countries. By evidence level for the 312 studies 72.4% were descriptive, 18.9% were observational, and 8.7% were intervention studies. Of the 312 reports, 72.1% focused on North American Nursing Diagnosis-International, Nursing Interventions Classification, Nursing Outcome Classification, or some combination of those three standardized nursing terminologies; 9.6% on Omaha System; 7.1% on International Classification for Nursing Practice; 1.6% on Clinical Care Classification/Home Health Care Classification; 1.6% on Perioperative Nursing Data Set; and 8.0% on two or more standardized nursing terminology sets. There were studies in all 10 foci categories including those focused on concept analysis/classification infrastructure (n=43), the identification of the standardized nursing terminology concepts applicable to a health setting from registered nurses' documentation (n=54), mapping one terminology to another (n=58), implementation of standardized nursing terminologies into electronic health records (n=12), and secondary use of electronic health record data (n=19). CONCLUSIONS: Findings reveal that the number of standardized nursing terminology publications increased primarily since 2000 with most focusing on North American Nursing Diagnosis-International, Nursing Interventions Classification, and Nursing Outcome Classification. The majority of the studies were descriptive, qualitative, or correlational designs that provide a strong base for understanding the validity and reliability of the concepts underlying the standardized nursing terminologies. There is evidence supporting the successful integration and use in electronic health records for two standardized nursing terminology sets: (1) the North American Nursing Diagnosis-International, Nursing Interventions Classification, and Nursing Outcome Classification set; and (2) the Omaha System set. Researchers, however, should continue to strengthen standardized nursing terminology study designs to promote continuous improvement of the standardized nursing terminologies and use in clinical practice.

Fatalism and HIV/AIDS beliefs in rural Mali, West Africa.

PURPOSE: To examine beliefs about HIV/AIDS of rural Malians and to measure their level of fatalism in context of HIV/AIDS and prevention behaviors. DESIGN: Descriptive, correlational. METHODS: An AIDS Knowledge and Beliefs survey and the Powe Fatalism Inventory (PFI)-HIV/AIDS version were administered to a convenience sample of 84 people at three health center maternity clinics in southeastern Mali, West Africa. FINDINGS: The sample's HIV/AIDS fatalism mean was 9.2 on a 15-point scale, with an internal consistency of .89. Health workers and more educated participants had significantly lower fatalism scores. Fatalism also varied by the combination of gender and ethnicity. People who believed that AIDS was not real, was a punishment from God, was fabricated by the West, was a curse, and that it was taboo to talk about AIDS had higher fatalism means. None of the prevention indicators were significantly related to fatalism scores. CONCLUSIONS: These rural Malians had a high overall fatalism mean and their beliefs about AIDS based on traditional culture may affect prevention behaviors. More research is needed to understand the influence of fatalism on prevention behaviors.

Gender differences in adhering to national guidelines in a community lipid clinic.

The aggressive treatment of hypercholesterolemia improves morbidity and mortality in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease irrespective of gender. Electronically tracked data on 4324 patients enrolled in a community lipid clinic were analyzed for gender differences in lipid values and adherence to national guidelines in lipid management. Women were older, more likely to be diabetic and/or hypertensive, and have a family history of coronary heart disease. Women also had higher initial total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels and were more likely to be at goal at entry for high-density lipoprotein. Men were more likely to have coronary heart disease and lower high-density lipoprotein and were more likely to be at goal at entry for triglyceride level. There were no gender differences in low-density lipoprotein at goal at entry or rate of current smoking. All lipid parameters appeared better with age, irrespective of gender. More men than women reached goal for their low-density lipoprotein (61.5% vs 51.7%) and triglyceride (36.9% vs 25.1%) levels, whereas more women than men reached goal for their high-density lipoprotein (33.1% vs 22.2%). The authors conclude that there are significant gender differences in lipid values at entry to a community lipid clinic and in achieving National Cholesterol Education Program targets following the initiation of therapy. A possible gender-independent survivorship effect exists for low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein.

Effectiveness of statin-gemfibrozil combination therapy in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia: experience of a community lipid clinic and safety review from the literature.

This retrospective study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of statin-gemfibrozil combination therapy in a community practice lipid clinic and to review safety data from published literature. Forty-six consecutive patients received a statin and gemfibrozil combination for resistant hyperlipidemia to either agent therapy. Fasting total cholesterol (mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), and triglycerides (mg/dL) were measured. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) was calculated using the Friedewald formula if triglycerides were <400 mg/dL. Combination therapy reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides by 11% (p=0.02), 22% (p=0.049), and 39% (p=0.0002), respectively, and raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 5% (p=0.3). A pooled analysis of 838 patients from the literature on statin-gemfibrozil combination therapy revealed an incidence of myositis and severe myopathy of 0.7% and 0.6%, respectively (excluding cerivastatin). We conclude that statin-gemfibrozil combination therapy is effective in significantly reducing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides with a trend toward raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with hyperlipidemia resistant to either agent alone. Myositis and severe myopathy are infrequent, but not rare side effects which may be statin-specific regarding the incidence of occurrence.

Bivalirudin in peripheral vascular interventions: a single center experience.

Unfractionated heparin is a widely utilized anticoagulant during peripheral angioplasty procedures (PTA). In contrast to heparin, bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor with predictable anticoagulation, does not activate platelets, and inhibits both soluble and bound thrombin. The experience with bivalirudin during PTA remains limited. In this single-center prospective study, 48 consecutive patients (60.4% males, mean age 70.0 12.1) received bivalirudin as the primary anticoagulant during PTA (0.75 mg/kg bolus, 1.75 mg/kg/h during the procedure). Thirty-four (70.8%) had claudication and 6 (12.5%) had ulceration. Thrombus was angiographically seen in 3 (6.3%) patients. In-hospital serious procedural complications were limited to 2 (4.2%) (exact 95% confidence interval: (0.5%,14.3%]) patients with major bleeding; none (0.0%) of the other following endpoints occurred: death, limb loss, emergent need for revascularization of the same vessel, embolic strokes, and vascular complications (exact 95% confidence intervals: [0.0%,6.1%]). This compared favorably to previously reported data using unfractionated heparin and the same serious procedural complications endpoints from our group at the same institution (9.2%). We conclude that the use of bivalirudin during PTA appears feasible and safe. Large prospective registries are needed to confirm these findings.

In-hospital complications of peripheral vascular interventions using unfractionated heparin as the primary anticoagulant.

Unfractionated heparin is the current antithrombotic of choice in peripheral vascular interventions. The rate of in-hospital major complications during peripheral angioplasty procedures (PTA) using heparin as the primary anticoagulant has not been well defined. In this single-center study, the charts of 213 consecutive PTA procedures in a 1-year period were reviewed. Of unstaged procedures, a total of 131 patients (57.3% males; mean age, 66.4 12.1 years) met inclusion criteria. Forty-five patients (34.4%) had recent onset of claudication and 15 (11.5%) had ulceration. Thrombus was angiographically visualized in 16.7% of patients. Unfractionated heparin was administered at a mean of 4,672 1,238 U (59.1 20.0 U/kg) during the procedure. The highest activated clotting time (ACT) during the procedure was recorded in 114 patients. ACTs were < 300, 300 400 and > 400 seconds in 29.0%, 29.0% and 42.1%, respectively. In-hospital clinical events occurred in 12 patients (9.2%) who met any one of the following endpoints: death (0.8%), limb loss (1.5%), major bleeding (4.6%), emergent need for repeat revascularization of the same vessel (7.6%), embolic stroke (0.0%) and vascular complications (1.5%). The best model associated with salvage revascularization included cigarette smoking within the past year, recent onset of claudication and PTA treatment below the knee. Increased dosages of heparin (U/kg) were associated with a trend toward higher rates of complications. A significant number of patients have in-hospital major complications following PTA procedures using unfractionated heparin as the primary anticoagulant. Current ongoing registries are evaluating the feasibility of direct thrombin inhibitors bivalirudin instead of heparin as a primary anticoagulant during PTA.

Randomized comparison of Vasoseal and Angioseal closure devices in patients undergoing coronary angiography and angioplasty.

AngioSeal (AS) and VasoSeal (VS) are collagen-based arterial closure devices utilized to achieve earlier hemostasis and ambulation in diagnostic and interventional percutaneous procedures. To our knowledge, there has been no randomized studies comparing these two devices as approved for use in the United States. One hundred fifty-seven patients were randomized to receive either the 8 Fr AS (n = 79) or VS (n = 78) closure device. Data on 95 patients who had coronary angiography (49 AS, 46 VS) and 55 patients who underwent angioplasty (28 AS, 27 VS) were completed. Heparin was not administered during the coronary angiogram procedure. The activated clotting time was kept at approximately 300 sec during angioplasty. Patients on coumadin or GP IIb/IIIa platelet inhibitors were not included in this study. The time unit interval to achieve hemostasis in this study was based on the time the AS tension spring was left over the common femoral artery following collagen deployment as per the manufacturer's instructions (20 min). Time to hemostasis, time to ambulation, and major and minor complications were prospectively recorded. Two-tailed t-test and chi-square analysis were performed on continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. For the angiogram-only subgroup, time (min) to hemostasis (20.51 +/- 4.36 vs. 18.59 +/- 11.77; P = 0.30) and ambulation (145.71 +/- 124 vs. 109.89 +/- 60.37; P = 0.075) were not statistically different for the AS and VS, respectively. Similarly, for the angioplasty subgroup, time (min) to hemostasis (24.23 +/- 12.70 vs. 19.57 +/- 2.27; P = 0.077) and ambulation (607.32 +/- 344.22 vs. 486.48 +/- 200.37; P = 0.12) were not statistically different for both AS and VS, respectively. Furthermore, there were no statistical differences in deployment failure, major, minor, or total complication rates between the two devices. In the absence of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, VS and the 8 Fr AS devices have statistically similar time to hemostasis and ambulation as well as device failures and complication rates following coronary angiography and angioplasty.