ABSTRACT
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder typified by impaired social communication and restrictive and repetitive behaviors. Mice serve as an ideal candidate organism for studying the neural mechanisms that subserve these symptoms. The Neuroligin-3 (NL3) mouse, expressing a R451C mutation discovered in two Swedish brothers with ASD, exhibits impaired social interactions and heightened aggressive behavior towards male mice. Social interactions with female mice have not been characterized and in the present study were assessed in male NL3R451C and WT mice. Mice were housed in social and isolation conditions to test for isolation-induced increases in social interaction. Tests were repeated to investigate potential differences in interaction in naïve and experienced mice. We identified heightened interest in mating and atypical aggressive behavior in NL3R451C mice. NL3R451C mice exhibited normal social interaction with WT females, indicating that abnormal aggressive behavior towards females is not due to altered motivation to engage. Social isolation rearing heightened interest in social behavior in all mice. Isolation housing selectively modulated the response to female pheromones in NL3R451C mice. This study is the first to show altered mating behavior in the NL3R451C mouse and has provided new insights into the aggressive phenotype in this model.
Subject(s)
Aggression/physiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology , Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology , Social Isolation , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Mutation , Social BehaviorSubject(s)
Intraoperative Complications/therapy , Stents , Ureter/injuries , Ureteral Obstruction/therapy , Urinary Diversion/methods , Aged , Female , Humans , Intraoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging , Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery , Radiography, Interventional/methods , Ureteral Obstruction/diagnostic imaging , Ureteral Obstruction/etiologyABSTRACT
In this study, cytologic smears from 161 women presenting with persistent inflammation were reviewed and the cytologic diagnoses compared with the colposcopic and biopsy findings. When colposcopy was performed and information was available for evaluation (102 cases), 62.7% (64 cases) had abnormal colposcopic findings requiring treatment. The similar figure for biopsy was 76.2% (64 of 84 cases). Of significance was the proportion of major advanced abnormalities requiring immediate treatment. Colposcopy and biopsy, respectively, revealed 7.9% and 19.1% of cases with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (CIN 2) or worse. These striking data reinforce the importance of recommending colposcopy as a means of managing persistent inflammation in cytologic smears.
