Neurotoxic potential of depleted uranium effects in primary cortical neuron cultures and in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Depleted uranium (DU) is an extremely dense metal that is used in radiation shielding, counterbalances, armor, and ammunition. In light of the public concerns about exposure to DU and its potential role in Gulf War Syndrome (GWS), this study evaluated the neurotoxic potential of DU using focused studies on primary rat cortical neurons and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We examined cell viability, cellular energy metabolism, thiol metabolite oxidation, and lipid peroxidation following exposure of cultured neurons to DU, in the form of uranyl acetate. We concurrently evaluated the neurotoxicity of uranyl acetate in C. elegans using various neuronal-green fluourescent protein reporter strains to visualize neurodegeneration. Our studies indicate that uranyl acetate has low cytotoxic potential, and uranium exposure does not result in significant changes in cellular energy metabolism, thiol metabolite oxidation, or lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, our C. elegans studies do not show any significant neurodegeneration following uranyl acetate exposure. Together, these studies suggest that DU, in the form of uranyl acetate, has low neurotoxic potential. These findings should alleviate the some of public concerns regarding DU as an etiologic agent of neurodegenerative conditions associated with GWS.

Protein kinases and light: unlikely partners in a receptor localization puzzle.

Brief flashes of light directed at neuronal cell bodies and proximal dendrites of neurons in culture can enhance whole-cell electrophysiological responses mediated by NMDA and GABA(A) receptors. In experiments aimed at identifying the molecular moieties responsible for mediating this phenomenon, we observed that broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitors substantially amplified the actions of light. Kinase inhibitors, however, were surprisingly ineffective in altering light-induced potentiation of recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Furthermore, receptors assembled from truncated NMDA receptor subunits, previously shown to be relatively insensitive to modulation via phosphorylation, remained light sensitive. Phosphatase inhibitors had no effects of light-induced NMDA receptor potentiation in neurons, and nucleated patches excised from neuronal somata behaved similarly to CHO cells. Taken together, these data suggests that the effects of kinase inhibitors were unrelated to the molecular mechanism of light-induced potentiation. We propose a model whereby kinase inhibition promotes an enrichment of NMDA receptors in the neuronal cell body vs. the distal dendrites. Under these conditions, NMDA receptor redistribution elicited by kinase inhibitors would increase the number of receptors exposed to light and, as a consequence, the whole cell response. These observations support a critical role for protein kinases in the rapid redistribution of neurotransmitter receptors, with profound physiological significance.