ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Compare incidence, mortality, and trends of oral cancer (including the pharynx) in Wisconsin and the United States by race and gender from 1999-2002. METHODS: Age-adjusted incidence rates were compared using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC WONDER). Mortality rates were compared using data from the Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health (WISH) and CDC US Cancer Statistics. RESULTS: Incidence rates for oral cancer were higher among males than females in both Wisconsin and the United States. Trends in the incidence rate show the gender disparity has not changed. Furthermore, the incidence rate for African American males is higher in Wisconsin than in the United States. Mortality rates for males were approximately 2 times higher than females in Wisconsin and the United States. Additionally, African American males are more likely than white males to die from this form of cancer, and the likelihood is higher in Wisconsin than in the United States (2.4 versus 1.8, respectively). CONCLUSION: Racial disparities in oral cancer for African American males are greater in Wisconsin than in the United States. This may result from variation in access to oral health care, tobacco and alcohol use, as well as limited resources in detection and prevention methods. Wisconsin should focus its oral cancer prevention activities on this high-risk group.
Subject(s)
Mouth Neoplasms/ethnology , Pharyngeal Neoplasms/ethnology , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology , Pharyngeal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Risk Factors , White People/statistics & numerical data , Wisconsin/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The amygdala was more responsive to fearful (larger) eye whites than to happy (smaller) eye whites presented in a masking paradigm that mitigated subjects' awareness of their presence and aberrant nature. These data demonstrate that the amygdala is responsive to elements of.
Subject(s)
Amygdala/physiology , Facial Expression , Fear , Sclera , Adult , Female , Happiness , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Perceptual MaskingABSTRACT
Here we review human functional neuroimaging studies suggesting that the amygdala may play a key role in depression. We begin by reviewing animal and human data concerning the function of the amygdala. We then compare these results with those of neuroimaging studies of normal human amygdala function. Finally, we discuss functional neuroimaging studies of the amygdala in depression in light of the animal and human data. We conclude that the initial studies of this disorder provide evidence of amygdala involvement. Furthermore, we suggest that the scope of the amygdala's involvement may go beyond its well-known role in fear to its more subtle and generalized role in modulating moment-to-moment vigilance levels.
