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1.
Mol Cell ; 82(15): 2754-2768.e5, 2022 08 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35835111

ABSTRACT

Type I CRISPR-Cas systems typically rely on a two-step process to degrade DNA. First, an RNA-guided complex named Cascade identifies the complementary DNA target. The helicase-nuclease fusion enzyme Cas3 is then recruited in trans for processive DNA degradation. Contrary to this model, here, we show that type I-A Cascade and Cas3 function as an integral effector complex. We provide four cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) snapshots of the Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) type I-A effector complex in different stages of DNA recognition and degradation. The HD nuclease of Cas3 is autoinhibited inside the effector complex. It is only allosterically activated upon full R-loop formation, when the entire targeted region has been validated by the RNA guide. The mechanistic insights inspired us to convert Pfu Cascade-Cas3 into a high-sensitivity, low-background, and temperature-activated nucleic acid detection tool. Moreover, Pfu CRISPR-Cas3 shows robust bi-directional deletion-editing activity in human cells, which could find usage in allele-specific inactivation of disease-causing mutations.


Subject(s)
CRISPR-Associated Proteins , CRISPR-Associated Proteins/genetics , CRISPR-Associated Proteins/metabolism , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Cryoelectron Microscopy , DNA/genetics , DNA/metabolism , Endonucleases/genetics , Gene Editing , Humans , RNA
2.
Air Med J ; 41(4): 406-410, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35750450

ABSTRACT

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a significant increase in the volume of critical care flight transports between outlying referral hospitals and tertiary care facilities. Because of the tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, flight crews are often asked to transport mechanically ventilated patients in refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure. The authors present a case series of 5 patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who were initiated on inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) by the transport team before rotor wing transport and survived the journey in stable or improved condition upon arrival. Previously, no case reports have described adults with COVID-19 ARDS transported after iNO initiation by the transport team. This case series shows the feasibility of iNO initiation by trained air medical transport teams and suggests a short-term stabilizing effect of iNO in patients with ARDS from COVID-19.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Respiratory Distress Syndrome , Respiratory Insufficiency , Administration, Inhalation , Adult , Humans , Nitric Oxide/therapeutic use , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy
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