Pig slurry: effect on soil and K, Ca and Mg losses by water erosion / Dejeto líquido de suínos: efeito no solo e nas perdas de K, Ca e Mg por erosão hídrica

Pigg slurry (PS) is used as a fertilizer whose nutrients are lost through erosion and contaminate the environment if the manure is used inappropriately. The objective was to evaluate the effect of PS on soil and erosion, in a Alfisol soil. The treatments, 0; 50; 100; and 200 m³ ha-1 of PS were applied superficially after sowing once in each of the five crops, and in the straw of the last crop, totaling 0, 250, 500 and 1000 m³ ha-1, in oat (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays), turnip (Raphanus sativus L.) and soybean (Glycine max), and in oat residues. The simulated rain (65 mm h-1 and 75 minutes) was applied three times to corn and four times to turnip, soybeans, and residues, with a rotating arms simulator. Before and after the research, the content of K, Ca and Mg in the soil was determined. The rainfall applied at each moment made up a test (T). T1 occurred after the application of the PS and the other tests at intervals that varied between 14 and 70 days, depending on the weather. During the runoff, at five-minute intervals, runoff samples were collected to determine water losses and the content of K, Ca and Mg in the water. The PS did not influence the nutrient content in the soil. The content and total losses of nutrients were higher with 1000 m3 ha-1 of PS than in the absence of manure. With the increase in runoff, the content in the runoff decreased and the total loss incr

O dejeto de suíno (DLS) é usado como fertilizante cujos nutrientes são perdidos por erosão e contaminam o ambiente se o dejeto é usado inadequadamente. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de DLS no solo e na erosão, num Nitossolo Bruno. Os tratamentos, 0; 50; 100; e 200 m³ ha-1 de DLS foram aplicados superficialmente após a semeadura uma vez em cada um dos cinco cultivos, e na palhada do último cultivo, totalizando 0, 250, 500 e 1000 m³ ha-1, na aveia (Avena strigosa), milho (Zea mays), nabo (Raphanus sativus L.) e soja (Glycine max), e nos resíduos de aveia. A chuva simulada (65 mm h-1 e 75 minutos) foi aplicada três vezes no milho e quatro vezes no nabo, na soja, e nos resíduos, com um simulador de braços rotativos. Antes e depois da pesquisa, determinou-se o teor de K, Ca e Mg no solo. As chuvas aplicadas em cada momento compuseram um teste (T). O T1 ocorreu após a aplicação do DLS e os demais testes em intervalos que variaram entre 14 e 70 dias, em função do clima. Durante o escoamento, em intervalos de cinco minutos coletaram-se amostras de enxurrada para determinar as perdas de água e o teor de K, Ca e Mg na água. O DLS não influenciou o teor dos nutrientes no solo. O teor e as perdas totais dos nutrientes foram maiores com 1000 m3 ha-1 de DLS do que na ausência do dejeto. Com o aumento de escoamento, diminuiu o teor na enxurrada e aumentou a perda total, a qual aumentou também

Dejeto líquido de suínos: efeito no solo e nas perdas de K, Ca e Mg por erosão hídrica / Pig slurry: effect on soil and K, Ca and Mg losses by water erosion

O dejeto de suíno (DLS) é usado como fertilizante cujos nutrientes são perdidos por erosão e contaminam o ambiente se o dejeto é usado inadequadamente. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de DLS nosolo e na erosão, num Nitossolo Bruno. Os tratamentos, 0; 50; 100; e 200 m³ ha-1de DLS foram aplicados superficialmente após a semeadura uma vez em cada um dos cinco cultivos, e na palhada do último cultivo, totalizando 0, 250, 500 e 1000 m³ ha-1, na aveia (Avena strigosa), milho (Zea mays), nabo (Raphanus sativus L.) e soja (Glycine max), e nos resíduos de aveia. A chuva simulada (65 mm h-1e 75 minutos) foi aplicada três vezes no milho e quatro vezes no nabo, na soja, e nos resíduos, com um simulador debraços rotativos. Antes e depois da pesquisa, determinou-se o teor de K, Ca e Mg no solo. As chuvas aplicadas em cada momento compuseram um teste (T). O T1 ocorreu após a aplicação do DLS e os demais testes em intervalos que variaram entre 14 e 70 dias, em função do clima. Durante o escoamento, em intervalos de cincominutos coletaram-se amostras de enxurrada para determinar as perdas de água e o teor de K, Ca e Mg na água. O DLS não influenciou o teor dos nutrientes no solo. O teore as perdas totais dos nutrientes foram maiores com 1000 m3ha-1de DLS do que na ausência do dejeto. Com o aumento de escoamento, diminuiu o teor na enxurrada e aumentou a perda total, a qual aumentou também com o aumento de teor dos nutrientes na enxurrada. Recomenda-se aplicar menos do que 500 m3ha-1de DLS total no solo, mesmo em aplicações intervalares, devido à elevada perda de K, Ca e Mg pela erosão hídrica.(AU)

Pigg slurry (PS) is used as a fertilizer whose nutrients are lost through erosion and contaminate the environment if the manure is used inappropriately. The objective was to evaluate the effect of PS on soil and erosion, in a Alfisol soil. The treatments, 0; 50; 100; and 200 m³ ha-1of PS were applied superficially after sowing once in each of the five crops, and in the straw of the last crop, totaling 0, 250, 500 and 1000 m³ ha-1, in oat (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays), turnip (Raphanus sativusL.) and soybean (Glycine max), and in oat residues. The simulated rain (65 mm h-1and 75 minutes) was applied three times to corn and four times to turnip, soybeans, and residues, with a rotating arms simulator. Before and after the research, the content of K, Ca and Mg in thesoil was determined. The rainfall applied at each moment made up a test (T). T1 occurred after the application of the PS and the other tests at intervals that varied between 14 and 70 days, depending on the weather. During the runoff, at five-minute intervals, runoff samples were collected to determine water losses and the content of K, Ca and Mg in the water. The PS did not influence the nutrient content in the soil. The content and total losses of nutrients were higher with 1000 m3ha-1of PS than in theabsence of manure. With the increase in runoff, the content inthe runoff decreased and the total loss increased, which also increased with the increase in the nutrient content in the runoff. It is recommended to apply less than 500 m3ha-1of total PS inthe soil, even in interval applications, due to the high loss of K, Ca and Mg by water erosion.(AU)

Water erosion in surface soil conditions: runoff velocity, concentration and D50 index of sediments in runoff

Water erosion and contamination of water resources are influenced by concentration and diameter of sediments in runoff. This study aimed to quantify runoff velocity and concentration and the D50 index of sediments in runoff under different soil surface managements, in the following treatments: i) cropped systems: no-tilled soil covered by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCR); no tilled soil covered by vetch (Vicia sativa L.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCV); chiseled soil after ryegrass crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRR); chiseled soil after vetch crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRV); ii) bare and chiseled soil, with high roughness (BHR). The research was conducted on a Humic Dystrupept under simulated rainfall. The design was completely randomized and each treatment was replicated twice. Eight rainfall events of controlled intensity (65 mm h1) were applied to each treatment for 90 minutes. The D50 index, runoff velocity and sediment concentration were influenced by crop and soil management. Runoff velocity was more intensely reduced by cover crop residues than by surface roughness. Regardless of surface condition, the D50 index and concentration of sediment in runoff were lower under ryegrass than vetch crop. Runoff velocity and the D50 index were exponentially and inversely correlated with soil cover by residues and with surface roughness, while the D50 index was positively and exponentially correlated with runoff velocity.(AU)

Water erosion in surface soil conditions: runoff velocity, concentration and D50 index of sediments in runoff

Water erosion and contamination of water resources are influenced by concentration and diameter of sediments in runoff. This study aimed to quantify runoff velocity and concentration and the D50 index of sediments in runoff under different soil surface managements, in the following treatments: i) cropped systems: no-tilled soil covered by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCR); no tilled soil covered by vetch (Vicia sativa L.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCV); chiseled soil after ryegrass crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRR); chiseled soil after vetch crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRV); ii) bare and chiseled soil, with high roughness (BHR). The research was conducted on a Humic Dystrupept under simulated rainfall. The design was completely randomized and each treatment was replicated twice. Eight rainfall events of controlled intensity (65 mm h1) were applied to each treatment for 90 minutes. The D50 index, runoff velocity and sediment concentration were influenced by crop and soil management. Runoff velocity was more intensely reduced by cover crop residues than by surface roughness. Regardless of surface condition, the D50 index and concentration of sediment in runoff were lower under ryegrass than vetch crop. Runoff velocity and the D50 index were exponentially and inversely correlated with soil cover by residues and with surface roughness, while the D50 index was positively and exponentially correlated with runoff velocity.

Influence of the addition of an alkaline industrial residue on the soil acidity neutralization rate, adsorption of sodium and availability of magnesium to wheat / Influência da adição de um resíduo industrial alcalino na velocidade de neutralização da acidez do solo, adsorção de sódio e disponibilidade de magnésio para o trigo

Dregs is an alkaline industrial residue that can be used to raise soil pH at low cost. Since it presents low Mg and high sodium amounts, it can negatively affect plant growth. This work was carried out to evaluate the speed of dregs to neutralize the soil acidity; to measure the effect of soil pH elevation due to dregs in the availability of Mg for wheat plants; and to assess the behavior of Na adsorption in different levels of soil acidity. Three experiments were set up, in the laboratory or in a greenhouse, using samples of a Haplumbrept soil. Increasing amounts of dregs were used in the first two experiments, having the following composition: 354 g Ca kg-1, 9.2 g Mg kg-1, 10.2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10.7, neutralization value of 80% and relative efficiency of 100%. The effect of Mg addition on different pH levels after dregs addition was evaluated in the wheat experiment. The reactions dealing with neutralization of soil acidity due to addition of dregs were concluded in a period smaller than three weeks after dregs application. The adsorption of Na to the negative charges and the electronic affinity of Na for the solid phase of this Haplumbrept, defined by the partition coefficient of the adsorption reaction (KP), had the behavior of a C-type isotherm and both increased with the rise of soil pH. Despite the addition of Mg having increased the wheat dry mass yield in all rates of d

O dregs é um resíduo industrial de caráter alcalino que pode ser utilizado para elevar o pH do solo a um custo baixo. Como ele apresenta baixos teores de Mg e elevados teores de Na, pode interferir negativamente no crescimento das plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a velocidade do dregs de neutralizar a acidez do solo; quantificar o efeito da elevação do pH do solo com dregs na disponibilidade de Mg para o trigo; e determinar o comportamento da adsorção de Na em diferentes níveis de acidez. Para isso, foram conduzidos três experimentos, em laboratório ou em casa-devegetação, utilizando-se amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico. Nos dois primeiros experimentos utilizaramse quantidades crescentes de dregs que tinha 354 g Ca kg-1, 9,2 g Mg kg-1, 10,2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10,7, valor de neutralização de 80% e eficiência relativa de 100%. No experimento com plantas, foi avaliada a resposta do trigo à adição de Mg em diferentes valores de pH resultantes da adição de dregs. As reações de neutralização da acidez do solo foram concluídas num período inferior a três semanas após a aplicação de dregs. A adsorção de Na às cargas negativas e sua afinidade eletrônica pela fase sólida desse Cambissolo, definida pelo coeficiente de partição da reação de adsorção (KP), tiveram o comportamento de uma isoterma tipo-C e aumentaram com a elevação do pH do solo. Apesar da adição de Mg ter aument

Influence of the addition of an alkaline industrial residue on the soil acidity neutralization rate, adsorption of sodium and availability of magnesium to wheat / Influência da adição de um resíduo industrial alcalino na velocidade de neutralização da acidez do solo, adsorção de sódio e disponibilidade de magnésio para o trigo

Dregs is an alkaline industrial residue that can be used to raise soil pH at low cost. Since it presents low Mg and high sodium amounts, it can negatively affect plant growth. This work was carried out to evaluate the speed of dregs to neutralize the soil acidity; to measure the effect of soil pH elevation due to dregs in the availability of Mg for wheat plants; and to assess the behavior of Na adsorption in different levels of soil acidity. Three experiments were set up, in the laboratory or in a greenhouse, using samples of a Haplumbrept soil. Increasing amounts of dregs were used in the first two experiments, having the following composition: 354 g Ca kg-1, 9.2 g Mg kg-1, 10.2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10.7, neutralization value of 80% and relative efficiency of 100%. The effect of Mg addition on different pH levels after dregs addition was evaluated in the wheat experiment. The reactions dealing with neutralization of soil acidity due to addition of dregs were concluded in a period smaller than three weeks after dregs application. The adsorption of Na to the negative charges and the electronic affinity of Na for the solid phase of this Haplumbrept, defined by the partition coefficient of the adsorption reaction (KP), had the behavior of a C-type isotherm and both increased with the rise of soil pH. Despite the addition of Mg having increased the wheat dry mass yield in all rates of d

O dregs é um resíduo industrial de caráter alcalino que pode ser utilizado para elevar o pH do solo a um custo baixo. Como ele apresenta baixos teores de Mg e elevados teores de Na, pode interferir negativamente no crescimento das plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a velocidade do dregs de neutralizar a acidez do solo; quantificar o efeito da elevação do pH do solo com dregs na disponibilidade de Mg para o trigo; e determinar o comportamento da adsorção de Na em diferentes níveis de acidez. Para isso, foram conduzidos três experimentos, em laboratório ou em casa-devegetação, utilizando-se amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico. Nos dois primeiros experimentos utilizaramse quantidades crescentes de dregs que tinha 354 g Ca kg-1, 9,2 g Mg kg-1, 10,2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10,7, valor de neutralização de 80% e eficiência relativa de 100%. No experimento com plantas, foi avaliada a resposta do trigo à adição de Mg em diferentes valores de pH resultantes da adição de dregs. As reações de neutralização da acidez do solo foram concluídas num período inferior a três semanas após a aplicação de dregs. A adsorção de Na às cargas negativas e sua afinidade eletrônica pela fase sólida desse Cambissolo, definida pelo coeficiente de partição da reação de adsorção (KP), tiveram o comportamento de uma isoterma tipo-C e aumentaram com a elevação do pH do solo. Apesar da adição de Mg ter aument