ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There was a need for a solid asthma guideline in Mexico to update and unify asthma management. Because high-quality asthma guidelines exist worldwide, in which the latest evidence on asthma management is summarized, the ADAPTE approach allows for the development of a national asthma guideline based on evidence from already existing guidelines, adapted to national needs. OBJECTIVE: To fuse evidence from the best asthma guidelines and adapt it to local needs with the ADAPTE approach. METHODS: The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II asthma guidelines were evaluated by a core group to select 3 primary guidelines. For each step of asthma management, clinical questions were formulated and replied according to (1) evidence in the primary guidelines, (2) safety, (3) Cost, and (4) patient preference. The Guidelines Development Group, composed of a broad range of experts from medical specialties, primary care physicians, and methodologists, adjusted the draft questions and replies in several rounds of a Delphi process and 3 face-to-face meetings, taking into account the reality of the situation in Mexico. We present the results of the pediatric asthma treatment part. RESULTS: Selected primary guidelines are from the British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (BTS/SIGN), Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), and Spanish Guidelines on the Management of Asthma (GEMA) 2015, with 2016 updates. Recommendations or suggestions were made for asthma treatment in Mexico. In this article, the detailed analysis of the evidence present in the BTS/SIGN, GINA, and GEMA sections on the (non) pharmacologic treatment of pediatric asthma, education, and devices are presented for 2 age groups: children 5 years or younger and children 6 to 11 years old with asthma. CONCLUSION: For the pediatric treatment and patient education sections, applying the AGREE II and Delphi methods is useful to develop a scientifically sustained document, adjusted to the Mexican situation, as is the Mexican Guideline on Asthma.
Subject(s)
Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use , Asthma/therapy , Disease Management , Asthma/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Dosage Calculations , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mexico , Monitoring, Physiologic , Practice Guidelines as TopicABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies on allergic rhinitis prevalence have found significant variations in their results, even in closely-living populations. OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its symptoms in schoolchildren from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis diagnosis and symptoms, where the "Diagnostic questionnaire for epidemiological studies" was used between June and December 2015 in pre-school and primary and secondary school population, after authorization was granted by parents and school authorities. RESULTS: In 7866 surveys in a population aged between 3 and 15 years, 939 cases of allergic rhinitis (11.94%) were identified, with 53% belonging to the female gender. The symptom with the highest prevalence was cold-induced nasal congestion (56.8%), followed by rhinitis accompanied by ocular symptoms (35.8%) and recurrent flu-like symptoms (20), which was the most common symptom in allergic rhinitis (100%). CONCLUSION: A significant variation was observed in the prevalence of symptoms, notably higher than that of questionnaire-obtained allergic rhinitis diagnosis (11.94%), which suggests that the independent prevalence of symptoms is not a good parameter to detect the prevalence of allergic rhinitis.
Antecedentes: En los estudios de prevalencia de rinitis alérgica se han encontrado amplias variaciones en sus resultados, incluso en poblaciones cercanas. Objetivo: Determinar y comparar la prevalencia de la rinitis alérgica y sus síntomas en escolares de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo de la prevalencia del diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica y de sus síntomas, en el que se empleó el "Cuestionario diagnóstico para estudios epidemiológicos", entre junio y diciembre de 2015, en población preescolar, escolar primaria y secundaria, previa autorización de padres y autoridades escolares. Resultados: En 7866 encuestas en población de 3 a 15 años de edad se identificaron 939 casos de rinitis alérgica (11.94 %), 53 % del sexo femenino. El síntoma con mayor prevalencia correspondió a constipación por frío (56.8 %), seguido por rinitis acompañada de síntomas oculares (35.8 %), cuadros catarrales recurrentes (20 %); el síntoma más frecuente fue la rinitis alérgica (100 %). Conclusiones: Se apreció amplia variación en la prevalencia de los síntomas, notablemente más alta que la del diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica obtenida por el cuestionario (11.94 %), lo que sugiere que la prevalencia independiente de los síntomas no es buen parámetro para detectar la prevalencia de la rinitis alérgica.
Subject(s)
Rhinitis, Allergic/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Conjunctivitis, Allergic/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Symptom AssessmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The need for a national guideline, with a broad basis among specialists and primary care physicians was felt in Mexico, to try unifying asthma management. As several high-quality asthma guidelines exist worldwide, it was decided to select the best three for transculturation. METHODS: Following the internationally recommended methodology for guideline transculturation, ADAPTE, a literature search for asthma guidelines, published 1-1-2007 through 31-12-2015 was conducted. AGREE-II evaluations yielded 3/40 most suitable for transculturation. Their compound evidence was fused with local reality, patient preference, cost and safety considerations to draft the guideline document. Subsequently, this was adjusted by physicians from 12 national medical societies in several rounds of a Delphi process and 3 face-to-face meetings to reach the final version. RESULTS: Evidence was fused from British Thoracic Society Asthma Guideline 2014, Global Initiative on Asthma 2015, and Guía Española del Manejo del Asma 2015 (2016 updates included). After 3 Delphi-rounds we developed an evidence-based document taking into account patient characteristics, including age, treatment costs and safety and best locally available medication. CONCLUSIONS: In cooperation pulmonologists, allergists, ENT physicians, paediatricians and GPs were able to develop an evidence-based document for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of asthma and its exacerbations in Mexico.
Antecedentes: Con el objetivo de unificar el manejo del asma en México se estructuró una guía clínica que conjunta el conocimiento de diversas especialidades y la atención en el primer nivel de contacto. Se seleccionaron 3 guías publicadas en el ámbito internacional para su transculturación. Métodos: Conforme a la metodología ADAPTE se usó AGREE II después de la búsqueda bibliográfica de guías sobre asma publicadas entre 2007 y 2015. Se fusionó la realidad local con la evidencia de 3/40 mejores guías. El documento inicial fue sometido a la revisión de representantes de 12 sociedades médicas en varias rondas Delphi hasta llegar a la versión final. Resultados: Las guías base fueron la British Thoracic Society Asthma Guideline 2014, la Global Initiative on Asthma 2015 y la Guía Española del Manejo del Asma 2015. Después de 3 rondas Delphi se desarrolló un documento en el que se consideraron las características de los pacientes según edad, costos de los tratamientos y perfiles de seguridad de los fármacos disponibles en México. Conclusión: Con la cooperación de neumólogos, alergólogos, otorrinolaringólogos, pediatras y médicos generales se llegó a un consenso basado en evidencia, en el que se incluyeron recomendaciones sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento del asma y sus crisis.
Subject(s)
Asthma/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Airway Obstruction/physiopathology , Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use , Asthma/classification , Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/physiopathology , Bronchial Thermoplasty , Child , Child, Preschool , Combined Modality Therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease Management , Evidence-Based Medicine , Female , Humans , Infant , Mexico , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Patient Education as Topic , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/therapy , Respiration, Artificial , Self Care , Spirometry , Status Asthmaticus/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic disease that has increased over the past 2 decades. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma and its symptoms in the city of Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. METHODS: A descriptive study of prevalence in public schools of the city of Cuernavaca, Morelos, at the preschool, elementary, and high school levels using the "Asthma diagnosis for epidemiological studies questionnaire." RESULTS: 7947 surveys were obtained from students ages 3 to 15 years, funding a prevalence of asthma of 11.9%, 49% in boys and 51% in girls. As for the symptoms of asthma, the highest prevalence was cough that increases with cold weather (63%), however, in asthma patients this symptom only occurred in 17%; chest tightness had the lowest prevalence of symptoms (10%); however, in asthma patients it was 49%. CONCLUSIONS: The asthma diagnosis for epidemiological studies questionnaire found an average asthma prevalence of 11.9% in preschool, elementary, and high school students, slightly below that diagnosed in other cities in central Mexico. The prevalence of asthma symptoms was higher than the diagnosis of asthma.
Antecedentes: El asma es una enfermedad crónica que se ha incrementado en las 2 últimas décadas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de asma y sus síntomas en la ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia en escuelas oficiales de la ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos, de nivel preescolar, primaria y secundaria, mediante el "Cuestionario diagnóstico de asma para estudios epidemiológicos". Resultados: Se obtuvieron 7947 encuestas en escolares de 3 a 15 años, encontrándose una prevalencia de asma de 11.9%, 49% en niños y 51 % en niñas. En cuanto a los síntomas de asma, la mayor prevalencia la obtuvo la tos que aumenta con el frío (63%), sin embargo, en los pacientes con asma este síntoma solo se presentó en 17%; la opresión torácica tuvo la prevalencia más baja entre los síntomas (10%), sin embargo, en pacientes con asma fue de 49%. Conclusiones: Con el cuestionario diagnóstico de asma para estudios epidemiológicos se encontró una prevalencia promedio de asma de 11.9% en preescolares, escolares y alumnos de secundaria, discretamente inferior a la diagnosticada en otras ciudades del centro de México. La prevalencia de los síntomas de asma resultó más elevada que la del diagnóstico de asma.
Subject(s)
Asthma/epidemiology , Symptom Assessment , Adolescent , Asthma/diagnosis , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease whose prevalence has increased, especially in developed countries; the results of studies of asthma prevalence vary in different populations and even within the same country; in Mexico we observed fluctuations in prevalence of asthma from 7% to 33%. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma and severity of symptoms as risk indicators in school population in cities in various states of Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive study of detection of asthma prevalence and analytical-comparative observational study of determination of symptoms of asthma. The surveys were applied to preschool, elementary, middle and high school population, in the cities of Puebla, Puebla; Tulancingo, Hidalgo; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, and Cancún, Quintana Roo; new validated questionnaire was used as instrument: Asthma Diagnostic Questionnaire for Epidemiologic Studies, consisting of eight questions with summation value for diagnosis. RESULTS: 8,754 surveys showed a 14% prevalence in Puebla, 17% in Tulancingo, 7% in Tlaxcala, and 14% in Cancún; average in four cities surveyed was 13%; the strength of association with asthma symptoms in descending order with significant odds ratio were: recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, recurrent cough, cough cold, recurrent cold symptoms, predominantly nocturnal cough, cough that increases with exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The average prevalence of asthma in the surveyed cities was 13% and the main symptoms indicators of risk of asthma in school children were: recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and recurrent cough.
Antecedentes: el asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías aéreas, su prevalencia se ha incrementado especialmente en países industrializados. Los resultados de estudios de prevalencia del asma son variables en diferentes poblaciones y aun en un mismo país; en México hay fluctuaciones de la prevalencia del asma de 7 a 33%. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del asma y la magnitud de los síntomas como indicadores de riesgo en población escolar en ciudades de varios estados de México. Material y método: estudio descriptivo de la detección de prevalencia del asma y analítico-observacional comparativo de la determinación de los síntomas de esta afección. Se realizaron encuestas a población de los niveles educativos preescolar, primaria, secundaria y preparatoria en las ciudades de Puebla, Puebla; Tulancingo, Hidalgo; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, y Cancún, Quintana Roo. Como instrumento se usó un nuevo cuestionario validado: Cuestionario Diagnóstico de Asma para Estudios Epidemiológicos, conformado por ocho preguntas con valor sumatorio para su diagnóstico. Resultados: se obtuvieron 8,754 encuestas que mostraron una prevalencia en Puebla de 14%, en Tulancingo de 17%, en Tlaxcala de 7% y en Cancún de 14%; el promedio en las cuatro ciudades fue de 13%. La fuerza de asociación de los síntomas con asma en orden decreciente con razón de momios significativa fue: sibilancias recurrentes, dificultad respiratoria, opresión torácica, tos recurrente, tos con frío, cuadros catarrales recurrentes, tos de predominio nocturno y tos que aumenta con el ejercicio. Conclusiones: el promedio de la prevalencia del asma en las ciudades contempladas para las encuestas fue de 13% y los principales síntomas indicadores de riesgo de asma en población escolar fueron: sibilancias recurrentes, dificultad respiratoria, opresión torácica y tos recurrente.
ABSTRACT
There are four types of histamine receptors. Allergic symptoms, especially those in rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria, are mainly caused by activation of histamine receptor 1 (H1). Consequently, oral H1-antihistamines form and integral part of the treatment of these diseases. Antihistamines are inverse agonists that stabilize the non-active configuration of the histamine receptor. First generation H1-antihistamines cause a variety of adverse effects via several mechanisms: sedation (accumulation in the central nervous system), dry mouth, urinary retention, weight gain (low selectivity: stimulation of serotonin/muscarinic/alpha-adrenergic receptors) and drug interactions (substrate of CYP450-3A4). Generally second generation H1-antihistamines have a better safety profile. New guidelines on allergic rhinitis and urticaria recommend second generation H1-antihistamines as first line drugs, with -if necessary- four-times updosing to obtain control in urticaria. The enhanced efficacy of quadruple doses in urticaria, while maintaining a good safety profile, has been shown for bilastine, desloratadine and levocetirizine (rupatadine). For ebastine and fexofenadine only the safety of quadruple doses has been shown till now. Extreme precaution should be taken with astemizol and terfenadine that never should be up-dosed, as high serum concentrations can cause potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia. First generation antihistamines are not recommended as first line treatment and updosing is not safe.
Existen cuatro tipos de receptores histaminérgicos. Los síntomas de alergia, especialmente rinoconjuntivitis alérgica y urticaria, son principalmente causados por activación del receptor H1; por ende, los antihistamínicos H1 orales (anti-H1) forman parte integral del tratamiento de estas enfermedades. Los antihistamínicos son agonistas inversos, porque estabilizan la forma inactiva del receptor. Los antihistamínicos H1 de primera generación producen efectos adversos por varios mecanismos: sedación (fijación a receptores H1 cerebrales), boca seca, retención urinaria, aumento de peso (baja selectividad: estimulación de los receptores de serotonina, muscarina y alfa-adrenérgicos) e interacciones medicamentosas (con sustrato de citocromo P450-3A4). Los antihistamínicos H1 de segunda generación son generalmente más seguros. Las nuevas guías de tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica y urticaria recomiendan como manejo de primera intención a los antihistamínicos H1 de segunda generación. En urticaria se recomienda hasta cuadruplicar su dosis en caso necesario. El aumento de la eficacia en el control de la urticaria con cuádruple dosis, sin que se afecte la seguridad, se ha documentado para bilastina, desloratadina y levocetirizina (rupatadina). Respecto de ebastina y fexofenadina, hasta ahora, sólo se comprobó la seguridad de cuádruple dosis. Una rigurosa excepción son astemizol y terfenadina, que a concentraciones séricas elevadas pueden causar taquicardia ventricular. No se recomiendan los antihistamínicos H1 de primera generación y aumentar su dosis no es seguro.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, characterized by symptoms of itching, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and sneezing induced by an IgE-mediated response. In Mexico we have reports of prevalence, with fluctuations of 5.5% to 47.7% with the question of rhinitis symptoms the past 12 months. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren from various states of Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive study of prevalence in which a questionnaire was applied to preschool, elementary-, middle- and high-school population. It was performed in four cities in four states of Mexico: Puebla, Puebla, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala and Cancun, Quintana Roo. Parents answered questionnaires of preschool and elementary school and middle- and high-school students answered their questionnaires. The study was conducted from June 2014 to January 2015. The instrument used was: questionnaire diagnosis of allergic rhinitis for epidemiological studies. RESULTS: Of the surveys, 8,159 completed questionnaires were obtained, in the city of Puebla: 2,267, Tulancingo, Hidalgo: 2,478, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala: 2,574, Cancun, Quintana Roo: 840; total male: 4,190 (51%). The overall average rate of prevalence of allergic rhinitis among four states including all respondents ages was 15%. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of the questionnaire diagnosis of allergic rhinitis for epidemiological studies in the four cities in four different states, we found a prevalence of allergic rhinitis of 15% in ≥13 yearpopulation and 13% in ≤12 year-old children.
Antecedentes: la rinitis alérgica es una enfermedad inflamatoria de la mucosa nasal, caracterizada por síntomas de prurito, rinorrea, congestión nasal y estornudos, inducidos por una respuesta mediada por IgE. En México tenemos reportes de prevalencia de rinitis alérgica con variaciones de 5 a 48% cuando se pregunta si hubo síntomas de rinitis los últimos 12 meses. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de rinitis alérgica en población escolar de varios estados de México. Material y método: estudio descriptivo de prevalencia en el que se aplicó un cuestionario a población preescolar, primaria, secundaria y preparatoria. Se realizó en cuatro ciudades de cuatro estados: Puebla, Puebla, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala y Cancún, Quintana Roo. Los padres contestaron los cuestionarios de preescolar y primaria y los alumnos de secundaria y preparatoria contestaron sus cuestionarios. El estudio se realizó de junio de 2014 a enero de 2015. El instrumento utilizado fue el Cuestionario diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica para estudios epidemiológicos. Resultados: de las encuestas aplicadas se obtuvieron 8,159 cuestionarios contestados; en la ciudad de Puebla: 2,267; Tulancingo, Hidalgo: 2,478; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala: 2,574; Cancún, Quintana Roo: 840; 4,190 (51%) correspondieron al sexo masculino. El porcentaje promedio general de prevalencia de rinitis alérgica entre los cuatro estados, incluidas todas las edades, fue de 15%. Conclusiones: con la aplicación del cuestionario diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica para estudios epidemiológicos en las cuatro ciudades de cuatro estados diferentes encontramos una prevalencia de rinitis alérgica de 15% en mayores de 13 años y de 13% en niños de 12 años o menos.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To enhance the dissemination of the ARIA document (Allergic rhinitis (AR) and its impact on asthma) in Mexico, a Working Group composed of 35 specialists of 8 professional medical societies developed a transculturized ARIA México 2014 guideline. The ARIA guidelines use the GRADE system, which builds recommendations and suggestions around clinical questions (CQ). METHODS: As part of the dissemination strategy and to detect the physicians' view and knowledge-gaps concerning the treatment of AR an online survey was sent out to members of participating societies containing the CQ of ARIA México. Replies were analyzed per specialty against the ARIA México 2014 experts' recommendations/suggestions; differences between specialties were analyzed with Pearson's Chi-squares. RESULTS: 807 surveys were returned, 657 completed (81%). We analyze replies from 158 alergists, 188 ENTs, 64 pulmonologists, 220 pediatricians and 177 GPs/family doctors. More than half of the surveyed physicians of all specialties would give an allergen reduced diet to pregnant/lactating women and avoid pets at home, which is against ARIA experts' suggestions. ARIA experts suggest intranasal antihistamines can be part of the AR treatment: 46-63% of the ENTs, pulmonologists and pediatricians disagree; and experts prefer oral H1-antihistamines over leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) for the treatment of AR: 52-36% of the pulmonologists, pediatricians and GPs prefer LTRAs. Concerning glucocorticosteroids (GCS): GPs are more reluctant to use intranasal GCS (p < 0.001) and 47% prefers oral H1-antihistamines. As for the treatment of recalcitrant AR ARIA experts suggest the use of oral, but not intramuscular, GCS: a quarter of pulmonologists, pediatricians and GPs considers they should not be used. Contrarily, 40% of ENTs favors intramuscular GCS. In patients with AR and comorbid asthma several physicians of all specialties -except pulmonologists- erroneously considers antihistamines, intranasal GCS and LTRAs useful for the treatment of asthma, while first-line recommended asthma treatment is inhaled GCS. CONCLUSION: On certain issues in the treatment of AR the physicians' opinion diverges from the recommendations/suggestions of ARIA experts. Moreover, physicians' opinions depend on their specialty. As such, an online survey can help to detect knowledge-gaps and guide the development of more focused and specialty-specific postgraduate learning tools.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis is the most frequent allergic disease, characterized by nasal symptoms consisting of rhinorrhea, nasal block-age and sneezing triggered by and IgE mediated reaction to allergens. OBJECTIVE: To validate a questionnaire for the clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A test of a test in which a questionnaire for the clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was developed and validated it in 300 subjects (150 children, 150 adults, of both genders, 2-70 years), in allergy specialized centers, between November 2012 and February 2014. Half of the subjects had allergist-diagnosed allergic rhinitis, the other half served as a control group. In patients below 12 years of age the questionnaire was applied to the parents. All questionnaires were applied in duplicate within a time-span of several weeks to validate the intra-subject consistency. RESULTS: The tests applied to the answers of the questionnaire demonstrated an acceptable concordance in the Test-Retest for both, adults and children. Likewise, we found a very high inter-rater reliability: the agreement between 2 physicians being almost perfect. The test used for validation of the criteria in the adult questionnaire obtained 91% sensitivity, 89% specificity, PPV 89% and NPV 92% and in the children's questionnaire 92% sensitivity and 93% specificity, PPV 93% and NPV 92% and the criteria for content validity and expression were properly met. The homogeneity test reached 0.7 (Alpha Cronbach). CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire for allergic rhinitis in children and adults reached a highly acceptable inter-rater reliability, with high sensitivity and specificity in the validation of the criteria and an acceptable grade in the homogeneity test.
Antecedentes: la rinitis alérgica es la enfermedad alérgica más frecuente, se distingue por rinorrea, congestión nasal y estornudos, inducidos por una respuesta mediada por IgE. Objetivo: validar un cuestionario para diagnóstico clínico de rinitis alérgica. Material y método: prueba de una prueba en la que se elaboró un cuestionario para el diagnóstico clínico de rinitis alérgica. Se incluyeron 300 pacientes de uno y otro sexo, 150 niños y 150 adultos, atendidos en consultorios de alergia, de noviembre de 2012 a febrero de 2014. La mitad fueron casos de rinitis alérgica y la mitad controles sin rinitis alérgica. Los límites de edad fueron 2 y 70 años. En el grupo de niños de 12 años y menores, el cuestionario se aplicó a los padres. Durante este tiempo se realizaron las pruebas de validación de los cuestionarios. Resultados: las pruebas aplicadas a las respuestas del cuestionario mostraron en adultos y en los niños buena concordancia en la prueba-reprueba y en la concordancia interobservador (evaluación de dos médicos), que fue de sustancial a casi perfecta. Las pruebas aplicadas para validez de criterio en el cuestionario de adultos tuvieron sensibilidad de 91%, especificidad de 89%, valor predictivo positivo de 89% y valor predictivo negativo de 92%. En el cuestionario para padres, la sensibilidad fue de 94%, la especificidad de 93%, valor predictivo positivo de 93% y valor predictivo negativo de 94% y los criterios para validez de contenido y de expresión se cumplieron adecuadamente. La prueba de homogeneidad alcanzó un puntaje de 0.7 (alfa de Cronbach). Conclusión: el cuestionario para diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica de adultos y niños tiene buena concordancia intra e interobservador, con alta sensibilidad y especificidad en la validez de criterio, y puntaje aceptable en la prueba de homogeneidad.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Allergen exposure leads to allergen sensitization in susceptible individuals and this might influence allergic rhinitis (AR) phenotype expression. We investigated whether sensitization patterns vary in a country with subtropical and tropical regions and if sensitization patterns relate to AR phenotypes or age. METHODS: In a national, cross-sectional study AR patients (2-70 y) seen by allergists underwent blinded skin prick testing with a panel of 18 allergens and completed a validated questionnaire on AR phenotypes. RESULTS: 628 patients were recruited. The major sensitizing allergen was house dust mite (HDM) (56%), followed by Bermuda grass (26%), ash (24%), oak (23%) and mesquite (21%) pollen, cat (22%) and cockroach (21%). Patients living in the tropical region were almost exclusively sensitized to HDM (87%). In the central agricultural zones sensitization is primarily to grass and tree pollen. Nationwide, most study subjects had perennial (82.2%), intermittent (56.5%) and moderate-severe (84.7%) AR. Sensitization was not related to the intermittent-persistent AR classification or to AR severity; seasonal AR was associated with tree (p < 0.05) and grass pollen sensitization (p < 0.01). HDM sensitization was more frequent in children (0-11 y) and adolescents (12-17 y) (subtropical region: p < 0.0005; tropical region p < 0.05), but pollen sensitization becomes more important in the adult patients visiting allergists (Adults vs children + adolescents for tree pollen: p < 0.0001, weeds: p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: In a country with (sub)tropical climate zones SPT sensitization patterns varied according to climatological zones; they were different from those found in Europe, HDM sensitization far outweighing pollen allergies and Bermuda grass and Ash pollen being the main grass and tree allergens, respectively. Pollen sensitization was related to SAR, but no relation between sensitization and intermittent-persistent AR or AR severity could be detected. Sensitization patterns vary with age (child HDM, adult pollen). Clinical implications of our findings are dual: only a few allergens -some region specific- cover the majority of sensitizations in (sub)tropical climate zones. This is of major importance for allergen manufacturers and immunotherapy planning. Secondly, patient selection in clinical trials should be based on the intermittent-persistent and severity classifications, rather than on the seasonal-perennial AR subtypes, especially when conducted in (sub)tropical countries.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The global prevalence of allergic rhinitis is high. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase III reports a total estimated prevalence of 4.6% in Mexico. There is evidence based on allergic rhinitis Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG), but its promotion, acceptance and application is not optimal or adequate in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To generate a guideline for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma by adaptating the 2010 ARIA Guideline to Mexican reality, through a transculturation process applying the ADAPTE methodology. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Using the ADAPTE Methodology, the original 2010 ARIA CPG recommendations were evaluated by the guideline development group (GDG) into which multiple medical specialities managing patients with allergic rhinitis were incoorporated. The GDG valorated the quality of 2010 ARIA, checked and translated key clinical questions. Moreover, the GDG adjusted recommendations, patient preferences and included comments in the context of the Mexican reality (safety, costs and cultural issues). To accomplish this, we ran Delphi panels with as many rounds as necessary to reach agreement. One extra question, not included in the original 2010 ARIA, on the use of Nasal Lavages for AR was created sustained by a systematic literature review. RESULTS: A total of 45 questions from the original 2010 ARIA were included and divided into six groups covering prevention, medical treatment, immunotherapy and alternative medicine to treat patients with allergic rhinitis with or without asthma. Most of the questions reached agreement in one or two rounds; one question required three rounds. CONCLUSIONS: An easy-to-use, adaptated, up-to-date and applicable allergic rhinitis guideline for Mexico is now available.
ANTECEDENTES: la prevalencia de rinitis alérgica en todo el mundo es alta. El Estudio Internacional de Asma y Alergias en la Niñez (ISAAC de International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) Fase III reporta una prevalencia estimada total en México de 4.6%. Existen guías de práctica clínica basadas en evidencia de rinitis alérgica, pero su promoción, aceptación y validez no son óptimas ni adecuadas para México. OBJETIVO: generar una guía de tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica y su repercusión en el asma adaptando la guía ARIA 2010 a la realidad mexicana mediante un proceso de transculturización, por medio de la metodología ADAPTE. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: a través de la metodología ADAPTE un grupo de desarrollo de la guía, integrado por múltiples especialistas que tratan pacientes con rinitis alérgica, valoró la calidad de la guía ARIA 2010, revisó y tradujo las preguntas clínicas clave y ajustó las recomendaciones, preferencias del paciente y comentarios a la realidad mexicana (seguridad, costos y aspectos culturales). Para lograrlo se corrieron páneles Delphi, con tantas rondas como fuera necesario hasta lograr un acuerdo. Por medio de una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía se creó una pregunta especial no incluida en ARIA 2010 de la utilidad de realizar lavados nasales en pacientes con rinitis alérgica. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 45 preguntas de la guía original ARIA 2010, divididas en seis bloques que abarcan prevención, tratamiento médico, inmunoterapia y terapias alternativas de pacientes con rinitis alérgica con o sin asma. La mayor parte de las preguntas alcanzaron acuerdo en una a dos rondas, sólo una requirió tres para ello. CONCLUSIONES: se cuenta ahora con una guía de rinitis alérgica de usosencillo, adaptada, actualizada y válida para México.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Urticaria is a disease that a fifth of the population shallsuffer once in a lifetime. Recent clinical guidelines have proposed some fundamental changes in the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria, making the development of a national, multidisciplinary guideline, with wide acceptability among different professional groups -both specialists and primary health care workers-, necessary in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Internationally recognized tools for guidelinedevelopment were used. An interdisciplinary group of clinical experts (some of them knowledgeable in methodology of guideline development) determined the objectives and scope of the Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline with SCOPE. It was decided to adapt and transculturize international guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria. With AGREE-II three high-quality guidelines (Zuberbier 2014, Sánchez-Borges 2012, Powell 2007) were selected to function as basic guidelines (BG). A set of Clinical Questions was formulated that lead to recommendations/suggestions, based on these BG, taking into account the cultural and economic background of Mexico, according to GRADE recommendation development. RESULTS: By a formal process of discussion and voting during several working-sessions, experts and first level healthcare physicians determined the wording of the final guideline, taking particularly care of developing a document, adjusted to the reality, values and preferences of the Mexican patients. The use of oral second generation, non-sedating antihistamines as first line treatment is emphasized. CONCLUSION: This document is an Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic urticaria, based on three, high quality, international guidelines. It was developed by a multidisciplinary group. Tables and algorithms make the guideline user-friendly for both, first line health care physicians and specialists.
Antecedentes: la urticaria es una enfermedad que padece una quinta parte de la población en algún momento de su vida. Las guías internacionales recientes han propuesto unos cambios de fondo en su diagnóstico y tratamiento, por lo que había la necesidad de crear una guía nacional y multidisciplinaria, con base amplia en los gremios de especialistas y médicos de primer contacto en México. Material y método: un grupo interdisciplinario de expertos clínicos y algunos expertos en metodología determinó los objetivos y alcances de la Guía de Práctica Clínica Basada en Evidencia con el instrumento SCOPE. Se decidió llevar a cabo la adaptación y transculturización de guías internacionales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de urticaria. Con el instrumento AGREE-II se seleccionaron las tres guías de alta calidad, como guías base (Zuberbier 2014, Sánchez-Borges 2012, Powell 2007) para formular y contestar la preguntas clínicas clave, en el contexto cultural y económico mexicano, según el método de desarrollo de recomendaciones GRADE. Resultados: mediante un proceso formal de discusión y votación durante varias juntas de expertos, se terminó la redacción de la forma final de la guía, con especial cuidado de lograr un ajuste a las realidades, valores y preferencias de los pacientes de México. Se hace hincapié en la administración de antihistamínicos vía oral de segunda generación, como tratamiento de primera elección. Conclusión: este documento es una Guía de Práctica Clínica Basada en Evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de urticaria aguda y crónica, basada en tres guías internacionales de alta calidad. Se desarrolló por un grupo multidisciplinario. Los cuadros y algoritmos hacen a la guía amigable para su uso por médicos de primer contacto y por especialistas.
ABSTRACT
Se presenta el caso de un niño con infección repetida del tracto respiratorio, donde de documenta la deficiencia aislada de inmunoglobulina E, por el método de RIA, en tres determinaciones, la cual se diagnostica con la determinación en niños de IgE menor a 2 UI/mL y en adultos con una determinación menor a 4 UI/mL. Es el primer caso reportado en México, apoyado en los hallazgos de la literatura, en donde ya se identifica como una inmunodeficiencia primaria, aislada o combinada a otras inmunodeficiencias
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Immunoglobulin E/deficiency , Respiratory Tract Infections/immunologyABSTRACT
Cada vez existen más demostraciones del papel que desempeña la línea monocito-macrófago en la patogénesis del asma bronquial. Las células fagocíticas mononucleares, como los macrófagos alveolares, también pueden activarse durante procesos alérgicos. Los monocitos macrófagos son posibles inductores potentes de la inflamación; ello debido a que pueden secretar mediadores inflamatorios, entre los que se cuentan los gránulos preformados de péptidos, metabolitos de activación de oxidación, factor activador de plaquetas y metabolitos del ácido araquidónico. La identificación de IL-1 en el liquido del lavado bronquial de enfermos asmáticos, así como la identificación de IL.1 en el líquido de ronchas de sitios de prueba de alergenos cutáneos, apoya el concepto de activación mononuclear de células fagociticas en padecimientos alérgicos
