[Histological structure of adult mouse brain in protein-deficient nutrition]. / Gistologicheskaia struktura golovnogo mozga vzroslykh myshei pri malobelkovom pitanii.

The effect of protein deficient nutrition on histostructure of different regions of brain of mature animals was studied in the experimental model of protein and energy deficiency. Protein deficient nutrition was shown to exert negative influence on structural and functional state of brain neurons which is manifested through increase of dystrophic changes in neurons of all brain regions, accumulation of lipofuscine in neurons and complex of structural changes in synaptic contacts.

[The effect of antibodies to S-100 proteins on synaptogenesis processes and learning in rats]. / Vliianie antitel k belkam S-100 na protsessy sinaptogeneza i obuchenie krys.

In newborn rats passively immunised with the brain-specific protein (BSP) S-100, obvious ultrastructural changes occurred in the glial cells, density of desmosomal contacts increased and the density of synaptic contacts in neurophile of the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus decreased. The S-100 proteins seem to fulfil a regulatory function in synaptogenesis in both newborn and adult animals.

[The morphological state of the adenohypophyseal somatotrophs during body development under conditions of protein-energy insufficiency]. / Izuchenie morfologicheskogo sostoianiia somatotropov adenogipofiza pri razvitii organizma v usloviiakh belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti.

The quantitative morphometric analysis of the somatotrophs of adenohypophysis of the mice developing in prenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis at the protein energetic insufficiency (PEI) was conducted at the light and electron-microscopic levels. The PEI was produced by feeding the female mice starting from the 1st day of their pregnancy with the diet containing half as many, as compared to control, nutrients (5% of protein included) at the cost of incorporating the cellulose. Adenohypophyses of 20-day old badly nourished experimental mice had a changed relationship among the types of cells: the proportion of chromatophobic cells was 39% which was significantly higher than control values (25%). The decrease in the portion of differentiated cells has occurred in the main at the expense of somatotrophs: their portion was 49% (in control--61%). The volume of cytoplasm of somatotrophs in the hypophyses of test animals is less than control value by 30%. Quantitative electron-microscopic analysis demonstrated that volumetric fractions of somatotrophs cytoplasm occupied by the endoplasmatic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes in the malnutrition test do not significantly differ from the appropriate control values. Under protein insufficiency, a decrease of the medium diameter of the secretory granules (by 1.9 times as compared to control) and their content (by 1.7 times) in the somatotrophs has been noted. Thus in the adenohypophysis of mice developed under conditions of prenatal and early postnatal protein insufficiency there prevails the type of somatotrophs with the small volume of cytoplasm and small-sized secretory granules. This type of somatotrophs is classified with the actively functioning cells.

[A quantitative evaluation of the reactive and dystrophic changes in the cerebellar cortex of mice during malnutrition and subsequent food rehabilitation]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka reaktivnykh i distroficheskikh izmenenii v kore mozzhechka myshei pri nedoedanii i posleduiushchei pishchevoi reabilitatsii.

Neurones with chromatolysis, hyperchromatism and numerous nucleus have been counted of the paraffin cerebellar cortex sections coloured with kresil-violet and metil-green pironin. The alimentary deficiency has been shown to result in increase of cell number with chromatolysis and hyperchromatism and decrease of the number of numerous nucleus. The food rehabilitation doesn't take off completely damages caused by malnutrition. The use of carnitine leads to the complete rehabilitation that is due to the normalization of protein metabolism in cerebellum.

[The effect of restoring adequate nutrition on the relation between nerve and glial cells in the cerebellar cortex of malnourished mice]. / Vliianie vosstanovleniia adekvatnogo pitaniia na sootnoshenie nervnykh i glial'nykh kletok v kore mozzhechka nedoedavshikh myshei.

Changes in the distribution density of neurons and gliocytes of the ganglionic layer of the cerebellar cortex in mice were studied during malnutrition and further alimentary rehabilitation. The results obtained have evidenced that the distribution density of neurons is increased, while that of gliocytes is decreased in the ganglionic layer of the cerebellar cortex of mice which received a low-protein diet from the 10th to the 40th day of life. These changes were partially recovered after alimentary rehabilitation, while alimentary rehabilitation combined with drug correction (addition of carnitine) leads to the complete recovery of the cerebellum histological structure.

[Ultrastructural features of somatostatin-containing neurons of the hypothalamus of rats with protein insufficiency]. / Ul'trastrukturnye kharakteristiki somatostatinsoderzhashchikh neironov gipotalamusa krys pri belkovoi nedostatochnosti.

The electron microscopic investigation was performed to analyze somatostatin-contained nerve terminals in the median eminence of 21 days old malnourished rats' hypothalamus. In nerve terminals of malnourished animals in compared with controls ones there was found the increased density of granular vesicles (11.62 +/- 0.40 and 8.56 +/- 0.39 in 1 micron2, respectively) and decreased density of electron lucent vesicles with 120-160 nm diameter (1.66 +/- 0.18 and 3.43 +/- 0.26 in 1 micro2, respectively). The revealed increase in density of granular vesicles in axon terminals with positive immunohistochemical reaction to somatostatin in malnourished rats was explained by slow somatostatin release.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of the cerebellar cortex in the postnatal development of animals with protein-calorie malnutrition and in subsequent rehabilitation]. / Osobennosti u'ltrastruktury kory mozzhechka pri postnata'lnom razvitii zhivotnykh v usloviiakh belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedosta- tochnosti i posleduiushchei reabilitatsii.

An electron microscopical investigation of the cerebellar cortex has been carried out in mice, kept during the 10th-40th days of their life at a diet with protein insufficiency and a subsequent food rehabilitation and food rehabilitation with carnitine addition to the diet on the 41st-70th days of their life. A sharp protein limitation in the diet results in the most essential changes in the neuropil, while the ultrastructure of the piriform neurons changes slightly. Amount of the synaptic vesicles in small axonal terminals decreases and their localization in the area of the synaptic contacts changes. Simultaneously, degeneratively changed axonal terminals often occur, they demonstrate a rather electron opaque axoplasma. The food rehabilitation mainly normalizes the ultrastructure of the cerebellar cortex elements, however, in the neuropil altered axonal terminals with a high electron opaque axoplasma occur. After the food rehabilitation with carnitine addition to the diet, the cerebellar cortex ultrastructure not only normalizes, but even demonstrates certain signs of hypertrophy.

[Possibilities of restoring the glial population of the neocortex after protein-energy insufficiency]. / Vozmozhnosti vosstanovleniia glia'lnoi populiatsii neokorteksa posle belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti.

The aim of the work was to estimate reversibility degree, as well as possibilities of correction of the disturbances in formation of glial population in mouse neocortex, that occur under effect of insufficient nutrition. The work was performed on SBA mice. The protein-energetic insufficiency was produced by means of feeding to the animals a synthetic starch-casein diet with a twice reduced (in comparison with the control) content of the nutritional substances (5% of protein). The scheme of the experiment: the I group--mice undernourished from the 10th up to the 40th day, from the 40th up to the 70th day of life they were given normal feeding; in the II group to the normal diet during the period of food rehabilitation carnitine was added in the dose 0.5 mg/g of the body mass. 70-day-old mouse kept at the full-bodied diet served as the control. Quantitative and qualitative analyse of the glial population composition was performed in semithin araldit slices of the parietal cerebral cortex. During the period of food rehabilitation oligodendrocytes fully restore their amount, however, amount of mature oligodendrocytes is lower than normal. After rehabilitation the part of the perineuronal glia by 19%, and after rehabilitation with carnitine--by 36% higher than in the cerebral cortex of the control animals.

[Clinico-experimental substantiation of the use of carnitine and cobalamin in the treatment of anorexia nervosa]. / Kliniko-éksperimental'noe obosnovanie primeneniia karnitina i kobalamina dlia lecheniia nervnoi anoreksii.

The effects of carnitine and cobamamide were studied at the unspecific stage of anorexia nervosa treatment. Carnitine and cobamamide accelerated the amelioration of the patients' somatic state (body weight gain, gastrointestinal functions normalization). Experimental psychological technique of involved deciphering discovered that latent fatigue disappeared and mental performance sharply increased under carnitine and cobamamide treatment. Experimental model of anorexia nervosa was used for electron microscopy and morphometry of neocortical tissue structure after starvation period and in feeding rehabilitation with carnitine and cobamamide. These drugs were shown to promote cerebral mass growth, increase in neocortical layers thickness, pyramidal neurons volume, that led to full restoration of normal structure of neocortex. The data provide a basis suitable to recommend carnitineand cobamamide to treat patients with relevant anorexia.

[Effect of protein-calorie deficiency on the ultrastructure of synapses in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex in developing and adult animals]. / Vliianie belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti na ul'trastrukturusinapsov molekuliarnogo sloia kory mozzhechka razvivaiushchikhsia i vzroslykh zhivotnykh.

The influence of protein-caloric deficiency on the ultrastructure of synapses in the molecular layer of the cerebellum has been quantitatively assessed in young and adult mice. It has been found that protein-caloric deficiency in the early postnatal period delays the time of axo-dendritic synapse development in the neuropil. Adult mice were more resistant to the influence of protein-caloric deficiency because of an increase in compensatory-adaptive reactions found in the cerebellum.

[Ultrastructural changes in synaptic junctions of the mouse neocortex during rehabilitation after prolonged protein-calorie malnutrition]. / Ultrastrukturnye izmeneniia sinapticheskikh kontaktov neokorteksa myshei v protsesse reabilitatsii posle dlitel'noi belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti.

The quantitative ultrastructural study of neocortical synaptic junctions has been performed during rehabilitation after protein-caloric deficiency. It has been shown that simple food rehabilitation does not lead to absolute restoration of synaptic junctions. However, food rehabilitation with carnitine restores the ultrastructure of synaptic junctions, with the length of the active zones and the number of spine apparatus cisterns exceeding the control values. Nevertheless, synaptic cleft width and postsynaptic density remain lower than in the control group, both after simple food rehabilitation and food rehabilitation with carnitine.

[Characteristics of the effect of protein-calorie insufficiency on synaptic contacts in the neocortex]. / Osobennosti vliiania belkogo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti na sinapticheskie kontakty neokorteksa.

The quantitative ultrastructural study of changes in neocortical synaptic junctions were performed in undernourished adult and developing mice. The results obtained indicate that sectional area of the terminals occupied by synaptic vesicles; synaptic cleft width and postsynaptic membrane thickness significantly decrease in undernourished animals. Sectional area of the terminals significantly decreases in young undernourished mice and increases in adult ones. At the same time, the degree of spine apparatus destruction increases and the number of cisterns decreases in both groups of undernourished animals.

[The ratio of the types of gliocytes in the cerebellar cortex of mice during malnutrition and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation]. / Sootnoshenie tipov gliotsitov v kore mozzhechka myshei pri nedoedanii i posleduiushchei pishchevoi reabilitatsii.

Different types of glial cells were counted on the semithin sections on the area 0.5 mkm2 of the cerebellar cortex of mice and percent relation of glyocytes-satellites of glyocyte types was determined. The malnutrition in early postnatal life has been found to cause the aberration in the process of glyocytes differentiation, especially in the population of oligodendrocytes. After the food rehabilitatin the processes of differentiation normalize that expresses in the increase of proportion of olygodendrocytes and olygodendrocytes satellities up to the control.

[Effect of nutritional insufficiency on cell proliferation in the matrix zones of the cerebellar anlage in mice]. / Vliianie alimentarnoi nedostatochnosti na proliferatsiiu kletok matriksnykh zon zachatka mozzhechka myshei.

The work has been performed on 62 CBA mice. In the ventricular zone and in the external granular layer of the cerebellar anlage of embryos (13-17 days of the intrauterine development) mitotic index, labelled nuclei index, part of labelled mitoses have been counted. Parameters of the mitotic cycle of the matrix cells have been calculated by means of the graphic method. The proliferative pool value has been calculated. At malnutrition the cerebellar anlage structure retards in its maturation from the norm. For the matrix zones of the cerebellar anlage, higher indices of the proliferative activity are specific. At the same time, duration of the mitotic cycle of the matrix cells increases by 15-17%. It is possible, that retardation of histogenesis of the mouse cerebellar anlage, when developing under conditions of alimentary insufficiency depends on decreased rate of cell proliferation, as a result of prolonged mitotic cycle of the matrix cells.

[Effect of protein-energy deficiency on the composition of the glial population of the mouse neocortex]. / Vliianie belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti na sostav glial'noi populiatsii neokorteksa myshei.

A quantitative analysis of the cellular elements composition of the neocortex has been performed in 40-day-old mice, that have been given full-bodied synthetic diet (10% of protein) and the diet with the half concentration of the nutritive substances (5% of protein) beginning from the 10th day of their life. The protein-energetic insufficiency during the postnatal period produces retardation in the formation and differentiation processes of oligodendrogliocytes, as well as results in decrease of gliocytesatellites in the neocortex.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of the neocortex during rehabilitation from the sequelae of long-term protein-energy deficiency]. / Osobennosti ul'trastruktury neokorteksa v usloviiakh reabilitatsii posledstvii dlitel'noi belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti.

Electron microscopy of mouse neocortex was carried out during rehabilitation following long-term protein-caloric deficiency. Food rehabilitation led to partial recovery of brain ultrastructure, however, a high neuronal level of secondary lysosoms and lipofuscin bodies was preserved, with the changes in the spine apparatus and synaptic contacts persisting in neuropile. Carnitine addition to food during rehabilitation increased the number of free ribosomes in cortical neurons. A substantial development of granular endoplasmic reticulum was observed. A greater number of spine apparatus cisterns was detected, however, like in conventional rehabilitation, the width of synaptic clefts and postsynaptic densities remained narrower than in control mice.

[Change in the staining properties of pyriform neurocytes in the mouse cerebellum during protein-calorie deficiency and subsequent rehabilitation]. / Izmenenie tinktorial'nykh svoistv grushevidnykh nevrotsitov mozzhechka myshei pri belkogo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti i posleduiushchei reabilitatsii.

Quantitative analysis has been carried out on semithin sections of cerebellum cortex to investigate the relation between Purkinje cells with different dyeing properties. The number of dark Purkinje cells was found to increase after a month-long food rehabilitation of ill-fed mice. At the same time addition of carnitine to the mouse food has resulted in a significant decline in the number of dark Purkinje cells, as compared to control animals. The data obtained suggest that the rising number of dark Purkinje cells in the cerebellum cortex under conditions of malnutrition is probably due to the increased intracellular accumulation of free fatty acids.

[Characteristics of the histogenesis of the cerebral cortex in mice with protein-energy deficiency during the prenatal period of body development]. / Osobennosti gistogenza kory golovnogo mozga myshei pri belkovo-énergeticheskoi nedostatochnosti v period prenatal'nogo razvitiia organizma.

Autoradiographic and morphometric studies of the embryonal endbrain anlage of mice whose mothers were kept on the low-protein diet since the first day of pregnancy point to the retardation of the embryonal cerebral cortex histogenesis under the influence of alimentary deficiency. The structure of the endbrain anlage in 17-day-old embryos, that developed under the conditions of malnutrition, correlated with the earlier stages of embryogenesis in terms of the degree of maturity. The retardation of the neocortex development is caused by a fall in the rate of ventricular cell proliferation because of a 21% increase in the duration of the mitotic cycle. Analysis of the distribution pattern of intensely labeled neuronal nuclei in the neocortex of 20-day-old mice whose mothers were injected with 3H-thymidine on days 13 and 17 of pregnancy indicates that under the conditions of prenatal malnutrition the neurons in the appropriate layers of the brain cortex are formed at the later times as compared to normal.