ABSTRACT
Oral compared to parenteral estrogen administration is characterized by reduced systemic but prominent hepatic estrogenic effects on lipids, hemostatic factors, GH-/IGF I axis, angiotensinogen. In order to avoid such adverse metabolic effects of oral treatment, estradiol (E2) prodrugs (EP) were designed which bypass the liver tissue as inactive molecules. Carbone17-OH sulfonamide [-O2-NH2] substituted esters of E2 (EC508, others) were synthesized and tested for carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) binding. CA II in erythrocytes is thought to oppose extraction of EP from portal vein blood during liver passage. Ovariectomized (OVX, day minus 14) rats were orally treated once daily from day 1-3. Sacrifice day 4. Uteri were dissected and weighed. Cholesterol fractions and angiotensinogen were determined in plasma. Oral E2 and ethinyl estradiol (EE) generated dose related uterine growth and important hepatic estrogenic effects. EP induced uterine growth at about hundred-fold lower doses. This was possible with almost absent effects on plasma cholesterol or angiotensinogen. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies with EC508 used intravenous and oral administration in male rats. Resulting blood levels revealed complete oral bioavailability. Further high blood- but low plasma concentrations indicated erythrocyte binding of EC508 in vivo as potential mechanism of low extraction at liver passage. Very high systemic estrogenicity combined with markedly lower or absent adverse hepatic estrogenic effects is evidence for a systemic release of E2 from sulfonamide EP. In conclusion, tested oral EP bypass the liver in erythrocytes furnishing systemic estradiol at hydrolysis. This mechanism avoids the hepatic estrogenic impact of conventional oral estrogen therapy.
Subject(s)
Estradiol/pharmacology , Estrogens/administration & dosage , Liver/metabolism , Prodrugs/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Angiotensinogen/blood , Animals , Biological Availability , Carbonic Anhydrase II/metabolism , Cholesterol/blood , Erythrocytes/cytology , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Esters/chemistry , Female , Humans , Hydrolysis , Liver/drug effects , Male , Ovariectomy , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Species Specificity , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Thromboembolism , Uterus/drug effectsABSTRACT
A method for the one-step C-ureidoalkylation of phenol, anisole, or aniline rings furnishing ArCH(2)NHCONHR (Ar = benzyl) products in moderate to good yields is described. With phenol ring systems, higher yields were attained when the reaction was worked up with an acidic ethanethiol addition to cleave any O-ureidoalkylation products that formed during the reaction.
ABSTRACT
Two dibenzo cyclic ether compounds, 6,12-dibromodibenzo[d,i]-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexahydro-1,3-dioxecin (systematic name: 8,16-dibromo-2,4-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0(5,10)]octadeca-5,7,9,14,16,18-hexaene), C(16)H(14)Br(2)O(2), (II), and 8,14-dibromodibenzo[f,k]-1,5-dioxa-1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10-octahydrocyclododecene (systematic name: 7,19-dibromo-11,15-dioxatricyclo[14.4.0.0(5,10)]icosa-5,7,9,16,18,20-hexaene), C(18)H(18)Br(2)O(2), (III), were prepared as scaffolding for phosphate-anion receptors. In both compounds, the two aromatic rings are linked by three methylene units ortho to the oxygen substituent of each ring. The only difference between the two compounds is the number of methylene units linking the two ether O atoms. The dibenzo cyclic ether with an ether linkage of one methylene unit adopts a chair-like conformation, where the two aromatic rings are parallel to each other. On the other hand, the dibenzo cyclic ether with an oxygen linkage of three methylene units adopts a bowl-like conformation. The latter scaffold configuration is the only structure of the two that would allow for the placement of convergent functional groups necessary for the establishment of an anion-selective binding pocket.
