ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The current literature concerning the reproductive health of end stage renal disease (ESRD) females is scarce, outdated, and largely unknown in women living in developing countries. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities and their associated factors among ESRD women in reproductive age undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD) in Egypt. METHODS: Thirty-five dialysis centers were selected by simple random sampling to represent the different regions of Egypt. Non-pregnant women in the reproductive age (15-50 years) receiving dialysis at the participating centers completed a questionnaire about their menstrual health during a routine hemodialysis session. Their responses were verified by reviewing the medical records and assessing their clinical data. RESULTS: Out of the 472 women, 32.6% had amenorrhea. Menstrual irregularities were reported in 37% of the menstruating women. Premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS) was reported in 70% while dysmenorrhea in 58%. Amenorrhea was more prevalent in non-working women who started hemodialysis after the age of 30. PMS was more encountered in women with hypertension or in those with obstructive uropathy or autoimmune disease as a cause of ESRD. Dysmenorrhea was more prevalent among patients with autoimmune disease or chronic hepatitis C virus and those who started dialysis after the age of 30. CONCLUSION: Secondary amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and PMS are common among premenopausal women with ESRD on dialysis. Several factors including socio-economic factors, cause of ESRD, and hypertension contribute to these disorders. Future studies are needed to understand the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and management of these abnormalities.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases , Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hypertension , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Premenstrual Syndrome , Adolescent , Adult , Amenorrhea/complications , Amenorrhea/etiology , Autoimmune Diseases/complications , Dysmenorrhea/epidemiology , Dysmenorrhea/etiology , Dysmenorrhea/therapy , Egypt/epidemiology , Female , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Middle Aged , Premenstrual Syndrome/complications , Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Young AdultABSTRACT
There is a paucity of data concerning safety of fasting in Ramadan in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis (HD). The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of fasting in Ramadan in HD patients in Egypt and the possible effect of fasting on clinical and biochemical variables. This observational multicentric study was carried out during 2016 when fasting duration was around 16 h.
