ABSTRACT
Bioactive plant peptides have received considerable interest as potential antihypertensive agents with potentially fewer side effects than antihypertensive drugs. Here, the blood pressure-lowering effects of the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor, BTCI, and its derived peptides, PepChy and PepTry, were investigated using normotensive (Wistar-WR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). BTCI inhibited the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively, at 6 µM and 40 µM, a 10-fold greater inhibition than observed with PepTry (60 µM) and PepChy (400 µM). These molecules also inhibited angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with IC50 values of 54.6 ± 2.9; 24.7 ± 1.1; and 24.4 ± 1.1 µM, respectively, occluding its catalytic site, as indicated by molecular docking simulation, mainly for PepChy and PepTry. Gavage administration of BTCI and the peptides promoted a decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and an increase of renal and aortic vascular conductance. These effects were more expressive in SHR than in WR. Additionally, BTCI, PepChy and PepTry promoted coronary vasodilation and negative inotropic effects in isolated perfused hearts. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blunted the BTCI and PepChy, with no cardiac effects on PepTry. The findings of this study indicate a therapeutic potential of BTCI and its related peptides in the treatment of hypertension.
Subject(s)
Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Hypertension/drug therapy , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Peptides/pharmacology , Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean/pharmacology , Animals , Antihypertensive Agents/chemistry , Binding Sites , Chymotrypsin/chemistry , Chymotrypsin/metabolism , Coronary Vessels/drug effects , Coronary Vessels/physiopathology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hypertension/enzymology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Male , Molecular Docking Simulation , NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/chemistry , NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/chemistry , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism , Peptides/chemical synthesis , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Protein Binding , Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs , Protein Structure, Secondary , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHR , Rats, Wistar , Trypsin/chemistry , Trypsin/metabolism , Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean/chemistry , Vasodilation/drug effectsABSTRACT
Natural inhibitors of proteases have been classified into different families, among them is the Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) family. Members of BBI have two structurally reactive loops that simultaneously inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin. Here, we have investigated the binding of bovine trypsin by a cyclic nonapeptide, named PTRY9 (CTKSIPPQC), derived of the black-eyed pea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (BTCI) from Vigna unguiculata seeds. This peptide was synthetically produced with the disulfide bond restraining its conformation to mimic the reactive loop that inhibits trypsin. PTRY9 complexed to pancreatic bovine trypsin was crystallized in orthorhombic and trigonal space groups, P212121 and P3221, with maximum resolutions of 1.15 and 1.61â¯Å, respectively. The structures presented refinement parameters of Rworkâ¯=â¯14.52 % and Rfreeâ¯=â¯15.59 %; Rworkâ¯=â¯15.60 % and Rfreeâ¯=â¯18.78 %, and different surface area between the peptide and the enzyme of 1024â¯Å2 and 1070â¯Å2, respectively. The binding site of the PTRY9 is similar to that found for BTCI as shown by a r.m.s.d. of 0.358â¯Å between the superimposed structures and the electrostatic complementary pattern at the enzyme-peptide interface. Additionally, enzyme inhibition assays show that the affinity of trypsin for PTRY9 is smaller than that for BTCI. In vitro assays revealed that, like BTCI, this synthetic peptide is not cytotoxic for normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells, but exerts cytotoxic effects on MDA.MB.231 invasive human breast cancer cells.
Subject(s)
Oligopeptides/chemistry , Seeds/chemistry , Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean/chemistry , Trypsin/chemistry , Vigna/embryology , Cell Line, Tumor , Crystallography, X-Ray , HumansABSTRACT
Acid phosphatases (ACPases) are produced by a variety of fungi and have gained attention due their biotechnological potential in industrial, diagnosis and bioremediation processes. These enzymes play a specific role in scavenging, mobilization and acquisition of phosphate, enhancing soil fertility and plant growth. In this study, a new ACPase from Trichoderma harzianum, named ACPase II, was purified and characterized as a glycoprotein belonging to the acid phosphatase family. ACPase II presents an optimum pH and temperature of 3.8 and 65 °C, respectively, and is stable at 55 °C for 120 min, retaining 60% of its activity. The enzyme did not require metal divalent ions, but was inhibited by inorganic phosphate and tungstate. Affinity for several phosphate substrates was observed, including phytate, which is the major component of phosphorus in plant foods. The inhibition of ACPase II by tungstate and phosphate at different pH values is consistent with the inability of the substrate to occupy its active site due to electrostatic contacts that promote conformational changes, as indicated by fluorescence spectroscopy. A higher affinity for tungstate rather than phosphate at pH 4.0 was observed, in accordance with its highest inhibitory effect. Results indicate considerable biotechnological potential of the ACPase II in soil environments.
