Sesamol as a potent anticancer compound: from chemistry to cellular interactions.

Sesamol (SM), a well-known component isolated from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum), used in traditional medicines in treating numerous ailments. However, numerous molecular investigations revealed the various mechanisms behind its activity, emphasizing its antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing properties, preventing cancer cell spread to distant organs. In several cells derived from various malignant tissues, SM-regulated signal transduction pathways and cellular targets have been identified. This review paper comprehensively describes the anticancer properties of SM and SM-viable anticancer drugs. Additionally, the interactions of this natural substance with standard anticancer drugs are examined, and the benefits of using nanotechnology in SM applications are explored. This makes SM a prime example of how ethnopharmacological knowledge can be applied to the development of contemporary drugs.

Genetic and biochemical changes in liver and kidney of Channa punctatus after treatment with 2-naphthalene sulfonate.

2-Naphthalene sulfonate (2NS) is a sulfonated aromatic compound and a momentous intermediate involved in the synthesis of dyes and surfactants. Thus, the present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the variation in biochemical constituents in liver and kidney of fresh water fish, Channa punctatus, after 2NS intoxication. After determination of lethal dose (LD) two sublethal doses, i.e. 0.33 mg/15 g body weight (one-half of LD50) and 0.16 mg/15 g b.w. (one-fourth of LD50) were selected for analyzing oxidative stress, genotoxicity and bioaccumulative potential of 2NS. Highest significant increase in oxidative stress and DNA damage in the exposed groups as compared with control group (P ≤ 0.05) was observed at 96 h. However, decreased values of all the studied parameters after 30 days indicate repair capacity of fish. In order to study the alterations observed in biomolecules including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, histopathology along with spectroscopic analysis using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared was also performed for 96 h exposed group. In addition, protein secondary structure analysis was focused in this study, which reveals alterations in α-helix and ß-sheet structure after 2NS intoxication. Furthermore, the bioaccumulative potential of 2NS was revealed using high-performance liquid chromatography showing 1.83 and 45.54 µg/ml concentration of 2NS in liver and kidney homogenate, respectively. As the study revealed 2NS as the potential health hazard to aquatic organisms, it entails the augmentation and adoption of pertinent policies regarding the management of such toxic compounds.

Naphthalene-2-sulfonate induced toxicity in blood cells of freshwater fish Channa punctatus using comet assay, micronucleus assay and ATIR-FTIR approach.

Present inquisition was undertaken to evaluate the genotoxicity of naphthalene-2-sulfonate (2NS), a sulfonated aromatic compound and a momentous intermediate involved in the synthesis of dyes and surfactants, in fresh water fish, Channa punctatus. After LC50 determination, two sublethal concentrations i.e. 2.38 g/15 g b.w. (1/4 of LC50) and 4.77 g/15 g b.w. (1/2 of LC50) were selected for studying acute exposure. For evaluating sub chronic exposure 1/10th (0.238 g/L) and 1/20th (0.119 g/L) of safe application rate (SAR) were reckoned. Blood samples were collected after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure period to study acute effect, and after 30 and 60 days exposure period for sub-chronic effect. Symbolic elevation in time and dose dependent DNA damage was observed by comet assay as well as micronucleus test revealing maximum damage after 60 days of exposure. After cessation of exposure to 2NS, evident recovery was observed after 30 days. Along with comet assay and micronucleus test, spectroscopic evaluation of DNA damage was also noted using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR). The biomolecular range (800 cm-1 - 1800cm-1) in lyophilized red blood cell's extracted from 60 days exposed as well as control group exhibit significant alterations in their nucleic acid indicated through multivariate analysis i.e. Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Further structural analysis of erythrocytes in maximally damaged group using Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed. Thus the study proposed the genotoxic impact of 2NS which is further supported by other toxicity markers like ATR-FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Alterations in structure of biomolecules using ATR-FTIR and histopathological variations in brain tissue of Channa punctatus exposed to 2Naphthalene sufonate.

2Naphthalene sulfonate (2NS) is an intermediate compound used in textile industries. Being nonbiodegradable, the concerns regarding its biotoxicity have risen. In the present investigation the toxic effects of 2NS were analyzed with the help of Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), which was used to monitor changes in the vibrational modes of functional groups within the biomolecules. After calculating LD 50, one half of LD 50 i.e. 0.33 mg/15 g b.w. was intraperitoneally administrated and the brain tissue was collected for investigation after 96 h of exposure. The spectra observed revealed the significant differences in absorbance and areas between control and treated groups reflecting the change in proteins, lipids and nucleic acid due to toxicity induced by 2NS. In addition, protein secondary structure analysis was focused in this study, which reveals alterations in α helix and ß sheet structure after 2NS intoxication. Histopathology of brain was also studied, which reveals changes in the histology of brain in group treated with 2NS. In conclusion, the study highlighted the application of ATR-FTIR and histopathology for toxicity assessment.

Bioaccumulation and toxicity of 2-naphthalene sulfonate: an intermediate compound used in textile industry.

The aromatic compounds substituted with sulfonate groups, being xenobiotic, resist biodegradation in the environment and tend to accumulate up to toxic levels. The hydrophilic sulfonated group makes these compounds highly water soluble and they tend to pass through water-treatment plants. The release of untreated effluents from these industries results in pollution of water bodies affecting aquatic fauna. Thus, the toxicity regarding these compounds is of major concern. The 2-naphthalene sulfonate is a sulfonated aromatic compound being widely used in textile industries. Being non-biodegradable concern regarding its toxicity has risen. Thus in the light of above facts, the present study was undertaken to determine the toxicity of 2-naphthalene sulfonate in blood cells of Channa punctatus. For this, LD50 was determined and after selection of sublethal doses oxidative stress, genotoxicity and bioaccumulation were studied. For oxidative stress determination, biochemical markers such as malondialdehyde content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase were studied. Genotoxicity was studied using comet and micronucleus assay. Significant increase in oxidative stress and DNA damage in the exposed groups as compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05) was observed till 96 h. However, decreased values of all the studied parameters at 720 h (30 days) indicate repair capacity of fish. Further, the bio accumulative potential of 2-naphthalene sulfonate was assessed in blood plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. The study revealed the toxic potential of 2-naphthalene sulfonate to aquatic organisms thus stressed on the need for the implementation of stringent policies regarding the management of such toxic compounds.