Recovery From Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) After Monthly Long-acting Buprenorphine Treatment: 12-Month Longitudinal Outcomes From RECOVER, an Observational Study.

OBJECTIVES: While evidence has mounted regarding the short-term effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder (OUD), little is known about longer-term psychosocial, economic, and health outcomes. We report herein 12-month outcomes for an observational study enrolling participants who had previously taken part in a long-acting buprenorphine subcutaneous injection (BUP-XR) trial for moderate to severe OUD. METHODS: The RECOVER (Remission from Chronic Opioid Use: Studying Environmental and SocioEconomic Factors on Recovery; NCT03604861) study enrolled participants from 35 US community-based sites. Self-reported sustained opioid abstinence over 12 months and self-reported past-week abstinence at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month visits were assessed. Multiple regression models assessed the association of BUP-XR duration with abstinence, controlling for potential confounders. Withdrawal, pain, health-related quality of life, depression, and employment at RECOVER baseline and 12-month visits were also compared to values collected before treatment in the BUP-XR trial. RESULTS: Of 533 RECOVER participants, 425 completed the 12-month visit (average age 42 years; 66% male); 50.8% self-reported sustained 12-month and 68.0% past-week opioid abstinence. In multiple regressions, participants receiving 12-month versus ≤2-month BUP-XR treatment duration had significantly higher likelihood of sustained opioid abstinence (75.3% vs 24.1%; P = 0.001), with similar results for past-week self-reported abstinence over time. During RECOVER, participants had fewer withdrawal symptoms, lower pain, positive health-related quality of life, minimal depression, and higher employment versus pre-trial visit. CONCLUSIONS: RECOVER participants reported positive outcomes over the 12-month observational period, including high opioid abstinence and stable or improved humanistic outcomes. These findings provide insights into the long-term impact of pharmacotherapy in OUD recovery.

Effects of monthly buprenorphine extended-release injections on patient-centered outcomes: A long-term study.

INTRODUCTION: The physical, social, psychological, and economic burden of opioid use disorder (OUD) is substantial. As of the year 2019, the predominant focus of OUD research was outcomes such as retention and abstinence. We report herein the effects of extended-release buprenorphine (BUP-XR), the first FDA-approved subcutaneously injected, monthly treatment for OUD, on patient-centered outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient-centered outcomes were collected during an open-label safety study of participants with OUD (NCT# 02510014) evaluating BUP-XR. Measures collected during the study included the EQ-5D-5L, SF-36v2, Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA), Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite), employment/insurance status questionnaire, and Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Changes from baseline to end of study week 49 were analyzed using mixed models for repeated measures. "Baseline" was defined as the value collected prior to the first BUP-XR injection. Results presented are for those participants who initiated treatment on BUP-XR during the open-label study and were eligible to receive up to 12 injections. RESULTS: Four hundred twelve participants were included in analyses; 206 participants discontinued BUP-XR prematurely. Mean EQ-5D-5L scores remained stable from baseline to end of study. Statistically significant improvements from baseline to end of study were noted for the SF-36v2 mental component summary score (difference = 5.0, 95%CI: 3.5-6.5) and 7 of 8 domain scores (P < .05 for all comparisons); the SF-36v2 physical component summary remained stable from baseline to end of study. The TEA total score (difference = 9.3 points, 95%CI: 8.0-10.5) and 4 of 4 domain scores (difference = 2-3 points per domain) significantly improved from baseline to end of study. Significant improvements (P < .05 for all comparisons) on the ASI-Lite were seen for all problem areas except alcohol use from baseline to end of study. Employment rate increased 7% whereas health insurance status remained stable from baseline to end of study. Medication satisfaction measured using the MSQ was >88% at end of study. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with BUP-XR monthly injections for up to 12 months in this cohort of treatment-seeking individuals with OUD led to positive PCOs and high treatment satisfaction, which correspond to personal recovery.

Patient-centered Outcomes in Participants of a Buprenorphine Monthly Depot (BUP-XR) Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Phase 3 Study.

OBJECTIVE: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is associated with physical, social, psychological, and economic burden. This analysis assessed the effects of RBP-6000, referred to as BUP-XR (extended-release buprenorphine), a subcutaneously injected, monthly buprenorphine treatment for OUD compared with placebo on patient-centered outcomes measuring meaningful life changes. METHODS: Patient-centered outcomes were collected in a 24-week, phase 3, placebo-controlled study assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of BUP-XR 300/300 mg (6 × 300 mg) and 300/100 mg (2 × 300 mg followed by 4 × 100 mg) injections in treatment-seeking participants with moderate-to-severe OUD. Measures included the EQ-5D-5L, SF-36v2, Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire, employment/insurance status, and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU). Changes from baseline to end of study were compared across treatment arms, using mixed models for repeated measures. RESULTS: Participants receiving BUP-XR (n = 389) versus placebo (n = 98) had significantly greater changes from baseline on the EQ-5D-5L index (300/300 mg: difference = 0.0636, P = 0.003), EQ-5D-5L visual analog scale (300/300 mg: difference = 5.9, P = 0.017; 300/100 mg: difference = 7.7, P = 0.002), and SF-36v2 physical component summary score (300/300 mg: difference = 3.8, P < 0.001; 300/100 mg: difference = 3.2, P = 0.002). Satisfaction was significantly higher for participants receiving BUP-XR 300/300 mg (88%, P < 0.001) and 300/100 mg (88%, P < 0.001) than placebo (46%). Employment and percentage of insured participants increased by 10.8% and 4.1% with BUP-XR 300/300 mg and 10.0% and 4.7% with 300/100 mg but decreased by 12.6% and 8.4% with placebo. Participants receiving BUP-XR compared with placebo had significantly fewer hospital days per person-year observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the feasibility of measuring patient-centered life changes in substance use disorder clinical studies. Participants receiving up to 6 monthly injections of BUP-XR, compared with placebo, reported better health, increased medication satisfaction, increased employment, and decreased healthcare utilization.

Remission from chronic opioid use-Studying environmental and socio-economic factors on recovery (RECOVER): Study design and participant characteristics.

Few opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment studies measure meaningful life changes during long-term recovery, focusing instead on retention and abstinence. Here, we report on the design and participant characteristics of the RECOVER study, a study exploring life changes in persons with OUD for up to 24 months following participation in a Phase III trial evaluating buprenorphine extended-release monthly injection for subcutaneous use (known as RBP-6000 during development). This multisite, observational, cohort study tracks clinical, environmental, and socio-economic changes using self-administered assessments, urine drug screens (UDS), and public databases. Outcomes include demographics (e.g., patient characteristics, employment history, criminal history), lifetime and recent OUD drug use and treatment, and current health and resource use. Demographic and psychosocial characteristics are compared to a national, population-based study. RECOVER participants (N = 533) tend to be single, white, males aged 26 years or older. Mean age at first opioid use was 21.7 years; lifetime substance-related overdose was 24.2%. At first assessment, 334 (62.7%) participants reported past 7-day and 296 (55.5%) reported past 28-day opioid abstinence. Five hundred UDS were collected at the first assessment; buprenorphine (90.6%), marijuana (45.2%), and opiates (34.4%) were most commonly identified. Two hundred forty-nine (47.2%) participants reported full- or part-time employment. Participants were like a national sample with differences found for age, race/ethnicity, employment, education, and health-related quality of life. We hope that further research using this approach can provide data supporting the patient-centered development of OUD treatments and be adopted by substance use disorder studies to incorporate recovery-related, life-activity outcomes.

Improved efficacy with targeted pharmacogenetic-guided treatment of patients with depression and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial demonstrating clinical utility.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pharmacogenetics-guided treatment on patients diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety, in a diverse set of clinical settings, as compared to the standard of care. The trial design followed a prospective, randomized, subject- and rater-blinded approach enrolling 685 patients from clinical providers specializing in Psychiatry, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Family Medicine. The NeuroIDgenetix® test uses a genetic variant panel of ten genes, along with concomitant medications, to make medication management recommendations based on gene-drug and drug-drug interactions for over 40 medications used in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Pharmacogenetic testing was performed at the initial screening visit and baseline patient assessments were determined using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). Following enrollment and randomization, pharmacogenetic results for subjects assigned to the experimental group were provided to physicians to guide treatment selection, while control subjects were treated according to the usual standard of care. HAM-D17 and HAM-A assessments were collected at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after baseline to assess the efficacy of therapeutic selection. In patients diagnosed with depression, response rates (p = 0.001; OR: 4.72 [1.93-11.52]) and remission rates (p = 0.02; OR: 3.54 [1.27-9.88]) were significantly higher in the pharmacogenetics-guided group as compared to the control group at 12 weeks. In addition, patients in the experimental group diagnosed with anxiety showed a meaningful improvement in HAM-A scores at both 8 and 12 weeks (p = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively), along with higher response rates (p = 0.04; OR: 1.76 [1.03-2.99]). From these results, we conclude that pharmacogenetic-guided medication selection significantly improves outcomes of patients diagnosed with depression or anxiety, in a variety of healthcare settings.

Differential pattern of response in mood symptoms and suicide risk measures in severely ill depressed patients assigned to citalopram with placebo or citalopram combined with lithium: role of lithium levels.

The assumption that antidepressants may reduce suicide risk by reducing depressive symptoms is not based on data. Further, it is unclear if the retrospectively based anti-suicidal effects of lithium can be prospectively evaluated using lithium as an augmenting agent to antidepressants. To verify our hypothesis, we designed and conducted an exploratory proof of concept trial of four weeks duration using a randomized, double-blind, parallel group method. Forty patients were assigned to citalopram + lithium and 40 were assigned to citalopram + placebo. The primary dependent measures were the Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale (S-STS) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The reduction of S-STS scores was large (43%) and twice that seen in MADRS scores (25%) among the eighty patients included in the trial. Both response (χ(2) = 8.8, p < 0.01) and remission (χ(2) = 4.6, p = 0.03) rates showed similar patterns. There were no significant differences in mean total S-STS change scores among patients assigned to citalopram with placebo (4.8 ± 5.1) and patients assigned to citalopram with lithium (5.1 ± 5.2). When explored further, a subgroup of the patients assigned to citalopram and lithium achieved therapeutic serum levels and had significantly higher S-STS remission rates (45% compared to 19%, p < 0.05). There were no deaths by suicide or other causes indicating that trials enrolling acutely suicidal patients are feasible. These results suggest that citalopram may have a direct therapeutic effect on suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Further, lithium when used in therapeutic doses may augment such effects. These data warrant further exploration of lithium and an antidepressant combination for anti-suicidal effects.