Correction to: A Predictive Model of High Shear Thrombus Growth.

This erratum is to correct the heading of column 2 (titled "b") in Table 1, which was missing proper units. The heading for that column was revised to include proper units, reading "b (× 10-6 s)".

Internal Viscosity-Dependent Margination of Red Blood Cells in Microfluidic Channels.

Cytoplasmic viscosity-dependent margination of red blood cells (RBC) for flow inside microchannels was studied using numerical simulations, and the results were verified with microfluidic experiments. Wide range of suspension volume fractions or hematocrits was considered in this study. Lattice Boltzmann method for fluid-phase coupled with spectrin-link method for RBC membrane deformation was used for accurate analysis of cell margination. RBC margination behavior shows strong dependence on the internal viscosity of the RBCs. At equilibrium, RBCs with higher internal viscosity marginate closer to the channel wall and the RBCs with normal internal viscosity migrate to the central core of the channel. Same margination pattern has been verified through experiments conducted with straight channel microfluidic devices. Segregation between RBCs of different internal viscosity is enhanced as the shear rate and the hematocrit increases. Stronger separation between normal RBCs and RBCs with high internal viscosity is obtained as the width of a high aspect ratio channel is reduced. Overall, the margination behavior of RBCs with different internal viscosities resembles with the margination behavior of RBCs with different levels of deformability. Observations from this work will be useful in designing microfluidic devices for separating the subpopulations of RBCs with different levels of deformability that appear in many hematologic diseases such as sickle cell disease (SCD), malaria, or cancer.

Effects of shear rate, confinement, and particle parameters on margination in blood flow.

The effects of flow and particle properties on margination of particles in red blood cell (RBC) suspensions is investigated using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of cellar blood flow. We focus on margination of particles in the flow of moderately dense suspensions of RBCs. We hypothesize that margination rate in nondilute suspensions is mainly driven by the RBC-enhanced diffusion of marginating particles in the RBC-filled region. We derive a scaling law for margination length in a straight channel. Margination length increases cubically with channel height and is independent of shear rate. We verify this scaling law for margination length by DNS of flowing RBCs and marginating particles. We also show that rigidity and size both lead to particle margination with rigidity having a more significant effect compared to size within the range of parameters in this study.

A Predictive Model of High Shear Thrombus Growth.

The ability to predict the timescale of thrombotic occlusion in stenotic vessels may improve patient risk assessment for thrombotic events. In blood contacting devices, thrombosis predictions can lead to improved designs to minimize thrombotic risks. We have developed and validated a model of high shear thrombosis based on empirical correlations between thrombus growth and shear rate. A mathematical model was developed to predict the growth of thrombus based on the hemodynamic shear rate. The model predicts thrombus deposition based on initial geometric and fluid mechanic conditions, which are updated throughout the simulation to reflect the changing lumen dimensions. The model was validated by comparing predictions against actual thrombus growth in six separate in vitro experiments: stenotic glass capillary tubes (diameter = 345 µm) at three shear rates, the PFA-100(®) system, two microfluidic channel dimensions (heights = 300 and 82 µm), and a stenotic aortic graft (diameter = 5.5 mm). Comparison of the predicted occlusion times to experimental results shows excellent agreement. The model is also applied to a clinical angiography image to illustrate the time course of thrombosis in a stenotic carotid artery after plaque cap rupture. Our model can accurately predict thrombotic occlusion time over a wide range of hemodynamic conditions.

A continuum model for platelet transport in flowing blood based on direct numerical simulations of cellular blood flow.

Computational modeling of arterial thrombus formation based on patient-specific data holds promise as a non-invasive tool for preventive diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions. Platelet transport to the surface of a growing thrombus may be a rate limiting step in rapid thrombus formation, so accurate modeling of platelet transport may be essential for computational modeling of arterial thrombus formation. The presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood greatly affects platelet transport. In flowing blood, RBCs migrate away from the walls and platelets marginate toward the walls. We investigate the mechanics of platelet margination by direct simulation of cellular blood flow. We show that platelet margination can be explained by RBC-enhanced shear-induced diffusion of platelets in the RBC-filled region combined with platelet trapping in the RBC-free region. A simple continuum model is introduced based on the proposed mechanism. Using an experimental correlation for effective diffusivity in blood, the continuum model can recover experimental results from the literature over a wide range of tube diameters.

Determination of critical parameters in platelet margination.

An investigation of margination dependence on hematocrit, platelet shape, and viscosity ratio of plasma to cytoplasm is presented. Whole blood is modeled as a suspension of deformable red blood cells (RBCs) and rigid platelets in a viscous liquid. The fluid phase is simulated using the lattice-Boltzmann method, the RBC membranes are modeled with a coarse-grained spectrin-link method, and the dynamics of rigid particles are updated using Newton's equations of motion for axisymmetric shapes. The results emphasize that an increase in hematocrit increases the rate of margination. The viscosity ratio between the interior cytoplasm and suspending fluid can considerably alter the rate of margination. The aspect ratio of surrogate platelet particles influences the rate of margination as well. Spherical particles tend to migrate more quickly than disks. Highly viscous or rigid RBCs slow down margination.