Mucosal Malignant Melanoma of Head and Neck: A Case Series from a Single Institute and Review of Literature Abstract.

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive malignancy of melanocytes which is usually found on sun exposed areas of the body. A rare variant of this disease with no etiological association is the mucosal malignant melanoma found on all mucosal surfaces of the body including the oral cavity, respiratory mucosa and anorectal region. In the head and neck region, this disease is almost always diagnosed at an advanced stage and requires a very high index of suspicion for diagnosis. It is more commonly found in females than males.Indians are more prone to this disease as compared to Caucasians.Due to the obscure location within the oral and nasal cavity, it is clinically found at an advanced stage and requires surgical resection with adequate margins for complete eradication. This may be achieved either endoscopically in the nasal cavity or with wide local resection in the oral cavity. this in certain cases may not be feasible due to vicinity of vital structures. In such cases, adjuvant radiotherapy helps in the local control of disease. Histopathological evaluation of the specimen helps to determine aggressive biology of tumor with factors such as presence of ulceration, nodular morphology and perineural invasion being high risk features for development of local and regional recurrence. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-023-04001-y.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Migration During Vascular Access Closure.

We present a novel complication of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) involving prosthetic migration due to entanglement by a standard guidewire during non-large bore vascular access closure, followed by successful bail-out using a second transcatheter prosthesis. To our knowledge, this mechanism of prosthesis migration has not been previously described.

The potential of paraprobiotics and postbiotics to modulate the immune system: A Review.

Probiotics are viable microorganisms that provide beneficial health effects when consumed in adequate quantity by the host. Immunomodulation is one of the major beneficial effects of probiotics that is a result of the colonization of probiotic microorganisms in the gut, their interaction with the intestinal cells, production of various metabolites and by-products. The last few years have displayed an increasing number of studies on non-viable probiotics (paraprobiotics) and microbial by-products (postbiotics) that prove beneficial to human health by providing positive immune responses even in the inactivated form. The increasing number of research studies compare the effects of viable and non-viable probiotics, their by-products, and metabolites. This review focuses on the ability of different types of paraprobiotics and postbiotics to modulate the immune system. A majority of paraprobiotics are developed from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. The postbiotic components that modulate the biological reactions include lipoteichoic acids, bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids, peptidoglycan, and exopolysaccharides have been reported. We have reviewed paraprobiotics and postbiotics that are commercial as well as in research. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics can be a possible replacement for live probiotics for immunocompromised people. Paraprobiotics display an active role in maintaining T-cell mediated immunity and have been shown to treat colitis. Postbiotic components exhibit properties of pro and anti-immune, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-biofilm. More research is required on the efficient conversion of probiotics to paraprobiotics, the isolation and purification of different postbiotics, and stability studies during the shelf life. The majority of the articles report the effects of direct ingestion of different '-biotics' without blending in any food product.

Novel use of the Sentinel cerebral protection device during thrombosed septal occluder explant and Atriclip appendage closure.

BACKGROUND: Our case demonstrates a novel use of the Sentinel™ cerebral protection device (SCPD) for prevention of stroke during removal of a thrombus-adherent atrial septal occluder. CASE PRESENTATION: A 45-year-old male with multiple strokes and ostium secundum atrial septal defect closed ten years prior using an Amplatzer Septal Occluder presented with recurrent neurologic symptoms. Over the ensuing year, serial transesophageal echocardiography revealed persistent and worsening device-adherent thrombus despite trial of different anticoagulants. The device appeared to be mal-deployed, prompting the decision for surgical explant. Given concern for embolization during explant, an SCPD was placed. Excision, pericardial patch repair, and Atriclip appendage closure (AAC) were performed. The device demonstrated incomplete endothelialization and microthrombi. SCPD filtration revealed embolic debris. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the first successful use of an SCPD during surgical excision of a mal-deployed occluder. With its ease of use and safety, SCPD may have utility in surgeries with high cardio-embolic risk.

Caution regarding potential changes in AVR practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.

To improve resource allocation in face of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals around the country are restricting the performance of elective surgery to preserve ventilators, operating rooms, ICU beds and protect anesthesiologists. For patients with severe aortic stenosis, efforts to bring treatment to symptomatic patients amid this pandemic might lead to favored use of catheter based management using minimalist techniques that do not require these elements. In this context, some patients with well tested surgical indications for valve replacement may be treated by catheter-based methods. It is important that outcomes for these cases are followed closely both at respective sites and in national registries. As we recover from this pandemic, surgical cases should once again be driven by multi-disciplinary discussion and clinical trial data, and not a mentality of crisis management.

Hemopericardium and Cardiac Tamponade Secondary to Migrated Inferior Vena Cava Filter.

A 73-year-old female presented with cardiogenic shock secondary to hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Imaging revealed two fractured legs of an inferior vena cava filter, with one leg within the anterior myocardium of the right ventricle and another penetrating the inferior septum through the middle cardiac vein. Hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade were treated with pericardiocentesis. A multidisciplinary meeting resulted in deferring further action against the embedded fractured legs of the filter with consideration of the patient's age and comorbidities. This case report should alert clinicians to think about hemopericardium as a cause of cardiac tamponade and cardiogenic shock in a patient with a history of an inferior vena cava filter placement.

Myasthenia Gravis Induced by Nivolumab: A Case Report.

Nivolumab is a programmed cell death receptor (PD-1) inhibitor therapy for aggressive cancers; however, it poses a risk of immune-related adverse side effects. We present a 73-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma who developed myasthenia gravis (MG) after being treated with nivolumab, proven by acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Our patient presented with symptoms of fatigue and upper and lower extremity weakness, eventually resulting in respiratory failure as a result of MG. Nivolumab is an emerging therapy for advanced cancers but poses severe immune-related adverse events. Clinicians using PD-1 inhibitors should have a high index of suspicion of autoimmune diseases so that early discontinuation and treatment can be established to limit long-term morbidity and mortality.

Reducing Over-Utilization of Cardiac Telemetry with Pop-Ups in an Electronic Medical Record System.

Non-invasive cardiac monitoring has well-established indications and protocols. Telemetry is often overused leading to a shortage of tele-beds and an increment of hospital expenses. In some cases, patients are kept on telemetry longer than the indicated length because providers are unaware of its ongoing use. We investigated the effect of reminder pop-ups, incorporated into an electronic medical record (EMR), on minimizing the use of telemetry. Three regional hospitals implemented an electronic pop-up reminder for discontinuing the use of telemetry when no longer indicated. A retrospective analysis of data for patients on telemetry, outside of the intensive care unit (ICU), was conducted and comparisons were drawn from pre- and post-implementation periods. A composite analysis of the number of days on telemetry was calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. With the implementation of the pop-up reminder, the median number of days on telemetry was significantly lower in 2016 than in 2015 (2.25 vs 3.61 days, p < 0.0001). Overutilization of telemetry is widely recognized, despite not being warranted in non-ICU hospitalizations. The implementation of a pop-up reminder built into the electronic medical record system reduced the overuse of telemetry by 37% between the two time periods studied.

Myocardial Ischemia with Cannabinoid Use in an Adolescent.

A 16-year-old male presented to the emergency department with chest pain after smoking a synthetic cannabinoid from a vape pen. He had rising troponin I levels, and his exercise stress echocardiogram showed distal apical and septal hypokinesis that resolved at six-month follow-up. This case report raises concern about cardiac ischemia related to synthetic cannabinoid abuse in the pediatric population in the current era of cannabis legalization.

Medium-term assessment of cardiac function in pediatric cancer survivors. Comparison of different echocardiographic methods, cardiac MRI and cardiac biomarker testing in adolescent cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and correlation of 3D echocardiography (echo) and cardiac biomarkers with cardiac MRI, in surveillance of cardiac function for cancer survivors. METHODS: Subjects ≥10 years of age who have survived >2 years after completion of cancer treatment from a single center were enrolled. Cardiac MRI and 3D echo images were obtained on the same day when routine echo was obtained. On the same day, along with annual routine blood test, cardiac biomarkers N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (NT-proBNP) and troponin-I levels were also measured. RESULTS: Cardiac MRI was feasible in all 50 subjects. Three-dimensional echo and 2D echo images were of poor quality in four subjects. With a median duration of remission of 10 years, there were four subjects with mild LV dysfunction (cardiac MRI LV EF of<53%). None had MRI EF <50%, and nine subjects had LVEF <55%. M-mode echo overestimated EF more than 2D and 3D echo. Two-dimensional and 3D echo methods had much tighter limits of agreement for LV EF. For measurement of LVEF, 3D echo had a lower % error than 2D echo or M-mode echo. One subject had an abnormal troponin-I level and another one had an elevated NT-proBNP. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional echo can be performed in most adolescent cancer survivors, and it correlates well with MRI. Further large-scale research is required in assessing utility of cardiac biomarkers in pediatric cancer survivors.

Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas as a Cause of Biliary Obstruction.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas (SCCP) is a rare neoplasm, given a lack of naturally occurring squamous cells within the pancreas, accounting for only 0.2% of all pancreatic cancers. The etiology is unknown. Symptomatology is non-specific and similar to other pancreatic neoplasms. No non-invasive testing can adequately rule in SCCP, and workup should proceed similarly to any pancreatic mass. Tissue sampling is required for diagnosis and guidance of further management, most commonly by endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspirate. SCCP is more aggressive than adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with a median survival of three and ten months for those treated with palliative and surgical intent, respectively. The optimal treatment regimen remains unknown, though the uses of radiation therapy, platinum-based regimens, gemcitabine, and 5-FU have all been reported with favorable results. We present a case of primary SCCP in an 81-year-old female who presented with jaundice.

Septic Shock Secondary to a Urinary Tract Infection with Pediococcus Pentosaceus.

We present a case of a urinary tract infection secondary to Pediococcus pentosaceus causing septic shock and acute kidney injury in a 70-year-old male. We demonstrate successful treatment with a 10-day course of piperacillin/tazobactam. Recently, Pediococci have been found to be the cause of opportunistic infections in humans. This has posed a challenge to treating infections caused by this species because it has been found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics, including glycopeptides.