Evaluating the effects of surfactant types on the properties and stability of oil-in-water Rhodiola rosea nanoemulsion.

Different types and ratios of surfactant, co-surfactant, and oil phase, have a greater impact on nanoemulsion preparation. The presence of surfactants in the nanoemulsion can reduce surface tension and characteristic stability. In this study, four groups of oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions (NEs) with different ratios of surfactant and co-surfactant, and two oils were formulated as carriers of Rhodiola rosea. The variable optimization was investigated and then indicated as optimization group A (Opt A) with the formula of 10% of transcutol, 16.63% of tween 80, Opt B with 10% of tween 80, 29.87% of span 80, Opt C with 28.42% of transcutol, 30% of labrasol, and Opt D with 30% of transcutol, 30% of tween 80. Labrafac and soybean oil were used as the oil phase. The optimized formula using the response surface method (RSM) by design expert software showed the ideal conditions with a higher desirability score. Desirability score are 0.72% (Opt A), 0.81% (Opt B), 0.76% (Opt C) and 0.98% (Opt D), the desirability rating close to 1 indicates a high possibility that the projected values would closely match the experimental results for the optimum formula. All of the optimized formulation were also checked for the characteristics of nanoemulsion including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, viscosity, encapsulation efficiency, transmission electron microscope (TEM), antioxidant activity, skin irritation test and stability studies. Our study provides a promising combination of surfactant-co-surfactant and oil phases to produce a stable nanoemulsion that can be used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics in the future.

Calebin-A prevents HFD-induced obesity in mice by promoting thermogenesis and modulating gut microbiota.

Background and aim: Obesity is one of the complications of sedentary lifestyle and high-calorie food intake which become a global problem. Thermogenesis is a novel way to promote anti-obesity by consuming energy as heat rather than storing it as triacylglycerols. Over the last decade, growing evidence has identified the gut microbiota as a potential factor in the pathophysiology of obesity. Calebin A is a non-curcuminoid novel compound derived from the rhizome of medicinal turmeric with putative anti-obesity effects. However, its ability on promoting thermogenesis and modulating gut microbiota remain unclear. Experimental procedure: C57BL/6J mice were fed either normal diet or high-fat diet (HFD) supplement with calebin A (0.1 and 0.5%) diet for 12 weeks. The composition of the gut microbiota was assessed by analyzing 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results and conclusion: Mice treated with calebin A shows a remarkable alteration in microbiota composition compared with that of normal diet-fed or HFD-fed mice and is characterized by an enrichment of Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Ruminiclostridium_9, and unidentified_Ruminococcaceae. We also explored that calebin A reduce the weight and blood sugar of mice that are induced by HFD, and show a dose-dependent reaction. Moreover, calebin A decreases the weight of white, beige, and brown adipose tissue, and also restores liver weight. In cold exposure experiments, calebin A can better maintain rectal temperature through thermogenesis. In summary, calebin A has a good thermogenesis function and is effective in anti-obesity. It can be used as a novel gut microbiota modulator to prevent HFD-induced obesity.

Constituents of Aquilaria sinensis Leaves Upregulate the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteases 2 and 9.

In this novel study, we isolated 28 compounds from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg based on a bioassay-guided procedure and also discovered the possible matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) modulatory effect of pheophorbide A (PA). To evaluate the regulatory activity on MMP-2 and MMP-9, the HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells were treated with various concentrations of extracted materials and isolated compounds. PA was extracted by methanol from the leaves of A. sinensis and separated from the fraction of the partitioned ethyl acetate layer. PA is believed to be an active component for MMP expression since it exhibited significant stimulation on MMP-2 and proMMP-9 activity. When treating with 50 µM of PA, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were increased 1.9-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively. PA also exhibited no cytotoxicity against HT-1080 cells when the cell viability was monitored. Furthermore, no significant MMP activity was observed when five PA analogues were evaluated. This study is the first to demonstrate that C-17 of PA is the deciding factor in determining the bioactivity of the compound. The MMP-2 and proMMP-9 modulatory activity of PA indicate its potential applications for reducing scar formation and comparative medical purposes.

Characterizing Tyrosinase Modulators from the Roots of Angelica keiskei Using Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay and UPLC-MS/MS as the Combinatorial Novel Approach.

In this study, an in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay in combination with ultra performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-orbitrap-MS) was developed for the rapid screening and identification of tyrosinase modulators from roots of Angelica keiskei. Of the 15 candidates considered, nine chalcones, xanthoangelols (1), B (2), D (3), E (4), G (5), H (6), 4-hydroxyderricin (7), xanthokeismin B (8) and (2E)-1-[4-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (9), five coumarins, umbelliferone (10), selinidin (11), isopimpinellin (12), phellopterin (13) and xanthyletin (14), and one other compound, ashitabaol A (15), were distinguished between the test samples and the controls with statistical significance, and the structure of each compound was determined by comparing with in-house standards and the literature. Among these, six compounds, xanthoangelol (1), xanthoangelol D (3), xanthoangelol H (6), 4-hydroxyderricin (7), laserpitin (16) and isolaserpitin (17), were isolated from roots of A. keiskei. Of the compounds isolated, compounds 1, 7 and 16 were subjected to tyrosinase inhibitory assay, and the IC50 values were 15.87 ± 1.21, 60.14 ± 2.29 and >100 µM, respectively. The present study indicated that the combination of in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay coupled with UPLC-MS/MS could be widely applied to the rapid screening of active substances from various natural resources.

New Terpenoids from Chamaecyparis formosensis (Cupressaceae) Leaves with Modulatory Activity on Matrix Metalloproteases 2 and 9.

Chamaecyparis formosensis is Taiwan's most representative tree, and has high economic value. To date, only a few active chemical constituents have been reported for C. formosensis. In this study, 37 secondary metabolites, including three new compounds (1-3), were extracted from the leaves of C. formosensis. The compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate layer were used at different concentrations to treat HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells and to evaluate their effects on matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) expression. Based on extensive analysis of data from high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, the new compounds were identified as 11,12-dihydroxyisodaucenoic acid (1), 12-hydroxyisodaucenoic acid (2), and 1-oxo-2α,3ß-dihydroxytotarol (3). Known compounds 4-37 were identified by comparing their spectroscopic data with data reported in the literature. Biological activity tests by gelatin zymographic analysis revealed that seven compounds, including new compound 2, have no cytotoxic effect on HT-1080 cells and were found to increase MMP-2 or MMP-9 expression by 1.25- to 1.59-fold at lower concentrations of 10-50 µM. These naturally derived regulatory compounds could potentially serve as a novel pharmaceutical basis for medical purposes.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Lactococcus lactis A17 from Taiwan Fermented Cabbage in OVA-Sensitized BALB/c Mice.

From fermented Taiwan foods, we have isolated numerous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of plant origin and investigated their biological activities. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect and mechanism of Lactococcus lactis A17 (A17), isolated from Taiwan fermented cabbage, on ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to verify immune responses of A17 by IFN-γ production. Live (A17-A) and heat-killed A17 (A17-H) were orally administered to OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice to investigate their effects on immunoglobulin (Ig) and cytokine production. The mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like protein receptors in spleen cells was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Both live and heat-killed A17 modulate OVA-induced allergic effects. B-cell response was modulated by diminishing IgE production and raising OVA-specific IgG2a production, while T-cell response was modulated by increasing IFN-γ production and decreasing IL-4 production. The mRNA expression of NOD-1, NOD-2, and TLR-4 was down-regulated by A17 as well. This is the first report to describe a naïve Lactococcus lactis A17 strain as a promising candidate for prophylactic and therapeutic treatments of allergic diseases via oral administration. Our results suggest the ameliorative effects of A17 may be caused by modulating NOD-1 NOD-2, and TLR-4 expression.

Diversity of the bacterial community in a bioreactor during ammonia gas removal.

Polymerase chain reaction analysis in combination with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to determine changes in the composition of the bacterial community of a bioreactor during ammonia removal. A minimum of 13 bands were observed in the DGGE profile. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that phylum Proteobacteria was predominantly represented in the bacterial community of the bioreactor, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Flavobacteriaceae. However, the occurrence and predominance of specific bacterial species varied with the concentrations of NH(3) introduced into the bioreactor. The complexity of the bacterial species generally decreased with increasing inlet NH(3) concentration. Based on the characteristics of the identified species, there is a potential for nitrification, denitrification, nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction, and ammonia assimilation to occur simultaneously in the bioreactor. The strains identified in this study are potential candidate strains for the purification of waste gases containing high concentrations of NH(3).

Conversion of the cleavage specificity of subtilisin YaB on oxidized insulin chains to an elastase-like specificity by replacement of Gly124 with Ala.

Replacement of Gly124 on the S1 pocket of subtilisin YaB with Ala changed the cleavage pattern on oxidized insulin B-chain from the subtilisin type to the elastase type. The initial cleavage site in the B-chain shifted from L15-Y16 for wild-type YaB to A14-L15 for the G124A mutant. Upon complete hydrolysis with the G124A mutant, four of the six major cleavage sites on the B-chain were identical to porcine pancreatic elastase cleavage sites.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a cephalosporin-monohydroguaiaretic acid prodrug activated by a monoclonal antibody-beta-lactamase conjugate.

A novel cephalosporin derivative of monohydroguaiaretic acid (cephem-M(3)N, 7) was synthesized and found to possess anticancer activity against human leukemia (K562), breast carcinoma (MCF7), human lung cancer (A549), human colon cancer (Colo205) and pancreatic cancer cells (Capan2 and MiaPaCa2). A tumor targeting fusion protein (dsFv3-beta-lactamase) was also used in conjunction with cephem-based M(3)N 7 and its potency toward K562, MCF7, A549, Colo205, Capan2, and MiaPaCa2 was found to approach that of the free M(3)N (4). In the presence of dsFv3-beta-lactamase, tumor cells were found to be much more susceptible to conjugate 7 than normal human embryonic lung (HEL) cells and normal fibroblasts (Hef522). These notions provide a new approach to the use of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and its derivatives for antitumor therapy.

Mutational analysis of the autoprocessing site of subtilisin YaB-G124A.

The potential residue at the autoprocessing site for improving processing efficiency was evaluated from hydrolysis of 19 cleavage-site-mimicking octapeptides, VTTXQTVP (-4 to +4), by the mature subtilisin YaB and YaB-G124A mutants. Both enzymes cleaved the octapeptides mainly at two sites, X-Q (A-site) and Q-T (B-site), at varied preferences. Based on the results above, Met(-1) of YaB-G124A was mutated and, as expected, extracellular enzyme production increased with Gln or Ala replacement, but decreased with Ile or Asp substitution. Together with previous structural studies, our results suggest that autoprocessing is dependent on not only the primary structure, but also the peptide flexibility around the processing site. Cleavage at the B-site resulted in a novel YaB mutant lacking the N-terminus Gln 1, which led the mutant enzyme to less enzymatic activity by 80% and less thermal stability by 20 degrees C, perhaps due to its ligation to the high-affinity calcium ion.