Association between abusive supervision and nurses' withholding voice about patient safety: the roles of impression management motivation and speak up-related climate.

BACKGROUND: Abusive supervision by the nurse manager significantly influences nurses' withholding voice about patient safety. The role of impression management motivation and speak up-related climate is crucial in understanding their connection. This study aimed to explore the relationship between abusive supervision, impression management motivation, speak up-related climate, and withholding voice about patient safety. METHODS: This cross-sectional study employed a convenience sampling method to recruit 419 clinical nurses from Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang Province, China, between 1 November 2022 and 31 January 2023. The study adhered to the STROBE checklist. Abusive supervision and impression management motivation were assessed using the Chinese versions of the Abusive Supervision Scale and the Impression Management Motivation Scale, respectively. Withholding voice about patient safety and speak up-related climate were identified using the Chinese version of the Speaking Up about Patient Safety Questionnaire. RESULTS: Nurse leaders' abusive supervision (ß=0.40, p<0.01) and nurses' impression management motivation (ß=0.10, p<0.01) significantly and positively influenced nurses' withholding voice about patient safety. We introduced impression management motivation as a mediating variable, and the effect of abusive supervision on nurses' withholding voice decreased (ß from 0.40 to 0.38, p< 0.01). Nurses' speak up-related climate played a moderating role between abusive supervision and impression management motivation (ß= 0.24, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Abusive supervision by nursing leaders can result in nurses withholding voice about patient safety out of self-protective impression management motives. This phenomenon inhibits nurses' subjective initiative and undermines their proactive involvement in improving patient safety, and hinders the cultivation of a culture encouraging full participation in patient safety, which should warrant significant attention.

[Clinical characteristics of 267 children with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease: a multicenter study]. / 267ä¾‹å„¿ç«¥å—œé ¸ç²’ç»†èƒžæ€§èƒƒè‚ é“ç–¾ç— ä¸´åºŠç‰¹å¾åˆ†æžï¼šä¸€é¡¹å¤šä¸­å¿ƒç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the clinical manifestations, endoscopic findings, histopathological changes, treatment, and prognosis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) in children, with the aim of enhancing awareness among pediatricians about this condition. METHODS: Data of 267 children with EGID were prospectively collected from January 2019 to July 2022 at Jiangxi Children's Hospital, Hunan Children's Hospital, and Henan Children's Hospital. The age of onset, symptoms, physical signs, laboratory examination results, endoscopic findings, histopathological changes, and treatment outcomes were observed. RESULTS: Among the 267 children with EGID, the majority had mild (164 cases, 61.4%) or moderate (96 cases, 35.6%) clinical severity. The disease occurred at any age, with a higher prevalence observed in school-age children (178 cases). The main symptoms in infants were vomiting and hematemesis, while in toddlers, vomiting and bloody stools were prominent. Abdominal pain and vomiting were the primary symptoms in preschool and school-age children. Nearly half (49.4%) of the affected children showed elevated platelet counts on hematological examination, but there was no significant difference in platelet counts among children with mild, moderate, and severe EGID (P>0.05). Endoscopic findings in EGID children did not reveal significant specificity, and histopathological examination showed no specific structural damage. Among them, 85.0% (227 cases) received acid suppression therapy, 34.5% (92 cases) practiced dietary avoidance, 20.9% (56 cases) received anti-allergic medication, and a small proportion (24 cases, 9.0%) were treated with prednisone. Clinical symptoms were relieved in all patients after treatment, but three cases with peptic ulcers experienced recurrence after drug discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Mild and moderate EGID are more common in children, with no specific endoscopic findings. Dietary avoidance, acid suppression therapy, and anti-allergic medication are the main treatment methods. The prognosis of EGID is generally favorable in children.

The effect of childhood trauma on depression in college students: A moderated mediation model.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood trauma is considered as a critical risk factor for depression. Although many studies have investigated the pathway of Childhood trauma to depression, especially the mediating or moderating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies or neuroticism or stress perception, the results were inconsistent and the underlying psychological mechanisms of depression remain unclear. This study aims to explore the influence and mechanism of childhood trauma on depression in college students, and establish a full model among these interactive factors. METHODS: 1272 college students were surveyed using the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), short version of center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D), Chinese perceived stress scale (CPSS), neuroticism extraversion openness five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). RESULTS: (1) Childhood trauma, neuroticism, stress perception, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were all significantly and positively correlated with depression among college students; (2) Stress perception and neuroticism act as a chain mediator between childhood trauma and depression in college students. (3) Maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies play a moderating role in "childhood trauma-neuroticism-depression". CONCLUSION: Childhood trauma increases the risk of depression in college students by affecting neuroticism and stress perception, and high levels of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies link neuroticism and enhance the effect of childhood trauma on depression in college students.

Efficacy of Bleomycin-Lauromacrogol Foam in Pediatric Macrocystic Lymphatic Malformations With and Without Intracapsular Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Sclerotherapy is purportedly less effective in patients with hemorrhagic than with non-hemorrhagic lymphatic malformations (LMs). We aimed to compare the efficacy of bleomycin-lauromacrogol foam (BLF) sclerotherapy in the treatment of macrocystic LMs with and without intralesional hemorrhage. METHODS: Fifty-five children with macrocystic LMs admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Department were retrospectively included. The patients were allocated into a hemorrhage group (23 cases) or a non-hemorrhage group (32 cases) based on the occurrence of an intracapsular hemorrhage. The diagnosis was confirmed by physical examination, color ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and puncture findings. BLF was injected into the capsule after draining the cystic fluid under color ultrasound guidance. Patients whose lesions were unchanged or showed minor change after 1 month were treated again using the same method. Changes in lesion size and the number of treatments were recorded. Effectiveness was classified as excellent (volume reduction ≥90%), good (50%≤volume reduction<90%), or poor (volume reduction <50%). RESULTS: In the hemorrhage group, 17, 6, and 0 patients' outcomes were classified as excellent, good, and poor, respectively. The overall efficacy rate was 100%. In the non-hemorrhage group, 23, 7, and 2 patients' outcomes were classified as excellent, good, and poor, respectively. The overall efficacy rate was 93.8%. There was no significant difference in efficacy rate between groups (P = 0.767). CONCLUSIONS: BLF is an effective and safe treatment for macrocystic LMs with bleeding. The results were similar in patients with and without bleeding. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Treatment, Level III.

Differences in clinical characteristics of early-onset and late-onset severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in neonates.

Differences in clinical characteristics of early-onset and late-onset severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in neonates remain unclear. This study aimed to determine whether there are differences in the main clinical, radiological, and laboratory features of early-onset and late-onset SARS-CoV-2 infections in neonates. This single-center, prospective cohort study enrolled neonates with SARS-CoV-2 infection from December 7, 2022, to January 3, 2023, and evaluated their clinical characteristics during hospitalization. All neonates (N = 58) infected with SARS-CoV-2 within 28 days of birth who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Taizhou Hospital were included. These neonates were classified into the early-onset (diagnosed within 7 days of birth) and late-onset (diagnosed more than 7 days after birth) groups. The symptoms, treatment, and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection were the main study outcomes. The incidence of hospitalization attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection was 10.6% (58 of 546 neonates) in Linhai. Sixteen (28%) of the 58 SARS-CoV-2 infections were early-onset cases, and 42 (72%) were late-onset cases. The common symptoms among the late-onset group were fever (p < 0.001) and cough (p < 0.001). Neonates with late-onset SARS-CoV-2 infection (p < 0.001) were significantly more likely to develop pneumonia.  Conclusion: The clinical symptoms and rates of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates differed between the early-onset and late-onset groups. Different clinical management is necessary for neonates with early-onset and late-onset SARS-CoV-2 infections. What is Known: • Neonates are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). • Differences in clinical characteristics of early-onset and late-onset SARS-CoV-2 infections in neonates remain unclear. What is New: • Fever and cough were the most common symptoms among neonates with late-onset infection. • Neonates with late-onset SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to develop pneumonia.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers under the "Ten New Guidelines" in Taizhou, China.

Purpose: We explored the influence of the "Ten new guidelines" on healthcare workers' preparedness, work impact, personal life impact, concerns, and support in Taizhou, China. Methods: A hospital-based self-administered online survey was conducted to investigate the levels of COVID-19 related experience among healthcare workers in December 2022. In total, 472 out of 2080 healthcare workers (22.7 % response rate) completed the questionnaires with valid responses. Stepwise linear regression was used to investigate the independence of factors associated with preparedness, work impact, personal life impact, concerns, and support. Results: The results revealed that working position (p < 0.001), pressure (p = 0.005), and negative affect (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with preparedness. Working position (p = 0.015), number of children (p = 0.040), working years (p = 0.019), COVID-19 risk perception (p < 0.001), work overload (p < 0.001), and negative affect (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with work impact. In addition, COVID-19 risk perception (p < 0.001), work overload (p < 0.001), pressure (p = 0.002), history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.008), and awareness of possible infectious time (p = 0.031) were significantly associated with personal life impact. COVID-19 risk perception (p < 0.001), negative affect (p < 0.001), and work overload (p = 0.020) were significantly associated with concerns. Sex (p = 0.020) and negative affect (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with support. Conclusion: Negative affect was the most significant factor associated with COVID-19 related questions among healthcare workers under "Ten new guidelines" during COVID-19 pandemic.

Effects of different interventions on internet addiction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Globally, Internet is a recognized form of leisure, but there are growing apprehensions about the increasing number of individuals developing an addiction to it. Recent research has focused on social issues associated with internet addiction (IA). However, the treatment of IA is currently unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between IA treatment outcomes and different intervention strategies through systematic review and data analysis of patients who received different intervention modes. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14.2 on 57 literature research data from five Chinese and English databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang and CNKI. RESULT: A total of 57 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this network meta-analysis involving 3538 IA patients and 13 different interventions. The network meta-analysis results demonstrated that the top four interventions were: rTMS + CBT, drug + others, rTMS, and electro-acupuncture + CBT. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that comprehensive therapy had an optimal therapeutic effect on IA patients and rTMS + CBT ranked first among all therapeutic indicators of intervention, indicating optimal clinical effectiveness.

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Pain Effect of Ginsenoside-Conjugated O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Particles.

Nanoparticle delivery of functional molecules or vaccines is an effective method for the treatment of many diseases. This study aims to design ginsenoside Rh2-conjugated O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC/Rh2) as a drug delivery system and explore its anti-nociceptive effects. O-CMC/Rh2 was synthesized with an esterification reaction, and its chemical composition and morphology were evaluated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), the attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the in vitro cumulative release of Rh2 from the O-CMC/Rh2 was also evaluated under different pH conditions. The results showed that the ginsenoside Rh2 was successfully conjugated to the O-CMC matrix and exhibited a highly porous structure after conjugation, facilitating the release of Rh2 from O-CMC. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and burn injury-induced pain models were used to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effects of O-CMC/Rh2 on inflammatory pain. O-CMC/Rh2 reduced CFA-induced pain hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner and had a longer analgesic effect than Rh2. In addition, O-CMC/Rh2 also relieved the chronic pain induced by bury injury. These results indicated that O-CMC/Rh2 could be useful in reducing inflammatory pain, thus possessing a potential medicinal application in pain therapy.

Association of internet gaming disorder with impulsivity: role of risk preferences.

BACKGROUND: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a formal mental disorder leading to personal and social impairment. Although it shares similar physical and psychosocial effects to substance use disorder, the psychological mechanisms underlying IGD remain unclear, although several researches have made significant contributions to its understanding. This study aims to elucidate the correlation between IGD, impulsive personality and risk preference of medical college students in China, from a questionnaire-based investigation. METHODS: Based on the cluster random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among medical college students in Northern Anhui, China from September 3 to October 27, 2020. The questionnaires included the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGD-20), Chinese revised of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11), and risk appetite index (RPI). Perform independent sample t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and moderating effect analysis using SPSS 23.0. P < 0. 05 is considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 624 participants completed the survey, including 257 males (41.19%) and 367 females (58.81%). All participants were between 18 and 24 years. We found that in IGD and its six different dimensions and RPI, males scored significantly higher than females. Additionally, our finding revealed there is statistical significance in IGD and impulsiveness between gaming group with game time greater than or equal to 4 h and non-gaming group. The IGD and its six different dimensions, among which all except for mood modification are positively correlated with impulsiveness and RPI. Mediating effects indicate that RPI plays a partial mediating role between motor impulsiveness and IGD. CONCLUSION: The findings shows that there is a certain relationship between impulsivity and RPI, as well as IGD and its dimensions. RPI may be a mediator between impulsivity and IGD, and men have higher IGD. The findings supported the compensatory hypothesis. These findings may contribute to further research and development of intervention and prevention measures for IGD.

Rapid Impregnating Resins for Fiber-Reinforced Composites Used in the Automobile Industry.

As environmental regulations become stricter, weight- and cost-effective fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being considered as alternative materials in the automobile industry. Rapidly impregnating resin into the reinforcing fibers is critical during liquid composite molding, and the optimization of resin impregnation is related to the cycle time and quality of the products. In this review, various resins capable of rapid impregnation, including thermoset and thermoplastic resins, are discussed for manufacturing fiber-reinforced composites used in the automobile industry, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, vital factors and perspectives for developing rapidly impregnated resin-based fiber-reinforced composites for automobile applications are discussed.

Impact of household decision makers' hesitancy to vaccinate children against COVID-19 on other household members: A family-based study in Taizhou, China.

Background: Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases, and family ;decision makers play an important role in decision-making regarding family matters and may influence other family members to take an active role in vaccinating children against COVID-19. Purpose: This study examined the influence of family decision makers on the hesitation of other family members to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. Methods: A population-based, self-administered online questionnaire was administered in Taizhou, China, from September 1, 2021, to September 15, 2021. The questionnaire included demographic information, knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about the COVID-19 vaccine as well as hesitation regarding the use of the COVID-19 vaccination in children. In total, 490 respondents were included in this study. Logistic regression was used to assess the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Results: In total, 490 respondents from 190 households were interviewed. Of the 190 family decision makers, 43.7% (83/190) were hesitant to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. When family decision makers were hesitant to vaccinate children against COVID-19, 65.1% (82/126) of the other family members expressed similar hesitancy regarding vaccination. When family decision makers were not hesitant to vaccinate children, only 21.3% (37/174) of other family members were hesitant to do so. In the regression analysis, family decision makers' hesitation to vaccinate their children was associated with other family members' hesitation (OR=6.264, 95% CI:3.132-12.526). In addition, decision makers' perceptions of the safety of the vaccine (OR=0.422, 95% CI:0.215-0.826) and hesitation to vaccinate themselves (OR=8.967, 95% CI:4.745-16.948) influenced their hesitation to vaccinate their children. Conclusion: The present study found that family decision makers' hesitation to vaccinate children against COVID-19 influenced other family members' hesitation to vaccinate children. In addition, family decision makers' perceptions of the safety of the vaccine and their hesitation to vaccinate themselves influenced other family members' hesitation to vaccinate their children.

The Acoustophotoelectric Effect: Efficient Phonon-Photon-Electron Coupling in Zero-Voltage-Biased 2D SnS2 for Broad-Band Photodetection.

Two-dimensional (2D) layered metal dichalcogenides constitute a promising class of materials for photodetector applications due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. The most common photodetectors, which work on the principle of photoconductive or photovoltaic effects, however, require either the application of external voltage biases or built-in electric fields, which makes it challenging to simultaneously achieve high responsivities across broad-band wavelength excitation─especially beyond the material's nominal band gap─while producing low dark currents. In this work, we report the discovery of an intricate phonon-photon-electron coupling─which we term the acoustophotoelectric effect─in SnS2 that facilitates efficient photodetection through the application of 100 MHz order propagating surface acoustic waves (SAWs). This effect not only reduces the band gap of SnS2 but also provides the requisite momentum for indirect band gap transition of the photoexcited charge carriers, to enable broad-band photodetection beyond the visible light range, while maintaining pA-order dark currents─ without the need for any external voltage bias. More specifically, we show in the infrared excitation range that it is possible to achieve up to 8 orders of magnitude improvement in the material's photoresponsivity compared to that previously reported for SnS2-based photodetectors, in addition to exhibiting superior performance compared to most other 2D materials reported to date for photodetection.

Chitosan and TiO2 functionalized polypropylene nonwoven fabrics with visible light induced photocatalytic antibacterial performances.

Chitosan/TiO2 functionalized polypropylene (CS/TiO2/PP) nonwoven fabrics were fabricated through crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde followed by loading of TiO2 nanoparticles. The functionalized CS/TiO2/PP has super hydrophilicity and excellent visible light induced photocatalytic antibacterial properties owing to the synergistic effects of CS and TiO2. The photocatalytic degradation performance was determined by assessing the degradation of methyl blue under simulated visible light irradiation and its recyclability was also evaluated. In addition, SEM images demonstrated that TiO2 nanoparticles were distributed evenly on the surface of the 2 g/L CS/TiO2/PP. Meanwhile, the polypropylene surface showed a significant increase in hydrophilicity after being treated with chitosan and TiO2. The photocatalytic degradation results revealed that CS/TiO2/PP had higher photocatalytic properties than those of pure PP under visible light, and the degradation rate of methylene blue reached 96.4 % after 90 min of light exposure. Compared to pure PP, the antibacterial properties of CS/TiO2/PP significantly increased, and the bacterial reduction percentages were increased to 98.7 % and 96.3 %, against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The functionalized CS/TiO2/PP composites exhibited promising potential in environmentally friendly antibacterial materials.

RNA N6-methyladenosine of DHAPAT and PAP involves in regulation of diapause of Bombyx mori via the lipid metabolism pathway.

Environment-induced epigenetics are involved in diapause regulation, but the molecular mechanism that epigenetically couples nutrient metabolism to diapause regulation remains unclear. In this study, we paid special attention to the significant differences in the level of N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (DHAPAT) and phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) genes in the lipid metabolism pathway of the bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori) strain Qiufeng developed from eggs incubated at a normal temperature (QFHT, diapause egg producer) compared to those from eggs incubated at a low temperature (QFLT, non-diapause egg producer). We knocked down DHAPAT in the pupal stage of the QFLT group, resulting in the non-diapause destined eggs becoming diapausing eggs. In the PAP knockdown group, the colour of the non-diapause destined eggs changed from light yellow to pink 3 days after oviposition, but they hatched as normal. Moreover, we validated that YTHDF3 binds to m6A-modified DHAPAT and PAP mRNAs to promote their stability and translation. These results suggest that RNA m6A methylation participates in the diapause regulation of silkworm by changing the expression levels of DHAPAT and PAP and reveal that m6A epigenetic modification can be combined with a lipid metabolism signal pathway to participate in the regulation of insect diapause traits, which provides a clearer image for exploring the physiological basis of insect diapause.

Optimizing intrauterine insemination and spontaneous conception in women with unilateral hydrosalpinx or tubal pathology: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Tubal surgery's role in infertile women with unilateral tubal pathology (e.g. hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion) who desire spontaneous or intrauterine insemination (IUI) conception where in-vitro fertilisation is infeasible remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review on fertility outcomes in women with unilateral tubal pathology desiring to conceive spontaneously or via IUI and to find guidance to support therapeutic tubal procedures to help these women conceive. SEARCH STRATEGY: Using a protocol registered on PROSPERO (ID CRD42021248720), we searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library from inception until June 2022. Bibliographies were reviewed to identify other relevant articles. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently selected and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by a third author. Studies presenting fertility outcome data in infertile women with unilateral tubal pathologies desiring spontaneous or IUI conception were included. Methodologic quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale for observational studies and the Institute of Health Economics Quality Appraisal Checklist for case series. Primary outcomes collated included cumulative pregnancy rate (CPR) and pregnancy rate per cycle (PR/cycle). Secondary outcomes such as ectopic pregnancy, birth outcomes, and pelvic inflammatory disease were collated. These were stratified by the types of unilateral tubal occlusion (UTO) i.e. hydrosalpinx, proximal tubal occlusion (PTO), or distal tubal occlusion (DTO) MAIN RESULTS: Two studies reported spontaneous or IUI pregnancies after treatment of unilateral hydrosalpinx with one reporting a pregnancy rate of 88% within 5.6 months on average. Thirteen studies compared IUI outcomes between women with UTO vs unexplained infertility and bilateral tubal patency (controls). Almost all were retrospective cohort studies and identified UTO by hysterosalpingography. In general, PTOs had no difference in PR/cycle and CPR compared to controls and significantly higher PR/cycle to DTOs. Women with DTOs had minimal incremental CPR benefit with each additional IUI cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic salpingectomy or tubal occlusion improve IUI or spontaneous conception in women with hydrosalpinx, although more prospective studies are needed. While significant study heterogeneity hampered assessment of fertility outcomes, overall, infertile women with PTOs had similar IUI pregnancy outcomes to those with bilateral tubal patency while DTOs had inferior PR/cycle. This review highlights significant deficiencies in the evidence guiding management for this group of patients.

Challenges and advances in materials and fabrication technologies of small-diameter vascular grafts.

The arterial occlusive disease is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular diseases, often requiring revascularization. Lack of suitable small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs), infection, thrombosis, and intimal hyperplasia associated with synthetic vascular grafts lead to a low success rate of SDVGs (< 6 mm) transplantation in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The development of fabrication technology along with vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technology allows biological tissue-engineered vascular grafts to become living grafts, which can integrate, remodel, and repair the host vessels as well as respond to the surrounding mechanical and biochemical stimuli. Hence, they potentially alleviate the shortage of existing vascular grafts. This paper evaluates the current advanced fabrication technologies for SDVGs, including electrospinning, molding, 3D printing, decellularization, and so on. Various characteristics of synthetic polymers and surface modification methods are also introduced. In addition, it also provides interdisciplinary insights into the future of small-diameter prostheses and discusses vital factors and perspectives for developing such prostheses in clinical applications. We propose that the performance of SDVGs can be improved by integrating various technologies in the near future.

Exorista sorbillans (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitism shortens host larvae growth duration by regulating ecdysone and juvenile hormone titers in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).

The tachinid fly, Exorista sorbillans, is a notorious ovolarviparous endoparasitoid of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, causing severe damage to silkworm cocoon industry. Silkworm larvae show typically precocious wandering behavior after being parasitized by E. sorbillans; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unexplored. Herein, we investigated the changes in the levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) titer, and they both increased in the hemolymph of parasitized silkworms. Furthermore, we verified the expression patterns of related genes, which showed an upregulation of 20E signaling and biosynthesis genes but a significant downregulation of ecdysone oxidase (EO), a 20E inactivation enzyme, in parasitized silkworms. In addition, related genes of the JH signaling were activated in parasitized silkworms, while related genes of the JH degradation pathway were suppressed, resulting in an increase in JH titer. Notably, the precocious wandering behavior of parasitized silkworms was partly recoverable by silencing the transcriptions of BmCYP302A1 or BmCYP307A1 genes. Our findings suggest that the developmental duration of silkworm post parasitism could be shortened by regulation of 20E and JH titers, which may help silkworm to resist the E. sorbillans infestation. These findings provide a basis for deeper insight into the interplay between silkworms and E. sorbillans and may serve as a reference for the development of a novel approach to control silkworm myiasis.

m6A-dependent mevalonate kinase in juvenile hormone synthesis pathway regulates the diapause process of bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori).

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that epigenetic modification are involved the regulation of diapause in bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori), but it remains unclear how epigenetic modification in response to environmental signals precisely to regulate the diapause processing of bivoltine B. mori. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, the diapause terminated eggs of bivoltine B. mori, Qiufeng (QF) were divided into two groups: a QFHT group incubated at 25 °C with a natural day/night cycle to produce diapause eggs, and a QFLT group incubated at 16.5 °C in darkness to produce non-diapause eggs. On the 3rd day of the pupal stage, the total RNAs of the eggs were extracted and their N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) abundances were analyzed to explore the effects of m6A methylation on diapause in the silkworm. The results showed that 1984 m6A peaks are shared, 1563 in QFLT and 659 in QFHT. The m6A methylation level of the QFLT group was higher than that of the QFHT one in various signaling pathways. The m6A methylation rate of mevalonate kinase (MK) in the insect hormone synthesis pathway was significantly different between the two groups. The knockdown of MK by RNA interference in the pupae of QFLT resulted in females laying diapause eggs rather than non-diapause eggs after mating. CONCLUSIONS: m6A methylation involves in the diapause regulation of bivoltine B. mori by changing the expression levels of MK. This result provides a clearer image of the environmental signals on the regulation of diapause in bivoltine silkworms.