Prevalence of noncommunicable diseases risk factors in the Kyrgyz Republic.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) risk factors in the Kyrgyz Republic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By using WHO STEPS approach survey findings were estimated from 2623 Kyrgyz residents aged 25-64 years. It was determined the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for NCDs, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. STEPS survey has covered all regions of the Kyrgyz Republic. RESULTS: NCD-related death rates are the leading causes (76,8%) of mortality among the population of the Kyrgyz Republic. STEPS approach survey showed high prevalence of NCDs main risk factors among 2623 Kyrgyz residents aged 25-64 years. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of NCDs main risk factors shows that there is necessity to develop effective policy to raise public awareness of healthy life style, health promotion, collaboration with all sectors of civil society.

[Segregation analysis of some anthroposcopic characteristics. II. Age dependence and signs with three phenotypic variants]. / Segregationnyi analiz nekotorykh antroposkopicheskikh kharakteristik. II. Vozrastnaia zavisimost' i priznaki s tremia fenotipicheskimi proiavleniiami.

Results of genetic analysis of three anthroposcopic traits, performed on a sample of pedigrees from a Kyrgyz population, are presented. The segregation analysis method used allows analysis of pedigrees of arbitrary structure with account of age dependence of genotype penetrances. The method involves analysis of not only binary traits, but also of traits with three phenotypic.

[Segregation analysis of certain anthroposcopic characteristics. I. Alternative signs with penetration independent of age]. / Segregationnyi analiz nekotorykh antroposkopicheskikh kharakteristik. I. Al'ternativnye priznaki s nezavisimoi ot vozrasta penetrantnost'iu.

Genetic analysis of a number of anthroposcopic traits was attempted using a sample of pedigrees from the Kirgiz population. We used methods of binary trait segregation analysis, which allowed us to analyze pedigrees of arbitrary structure. The genetic model applied was based on the monogenic diallelic mode of inheritance with arbitrary genotype penetrances and allowed for different phenotypic expressions of a genotype in males and females. The hypothesis of monogenic diallelic inheritance could not be rejected for the following 12 traits: ability to roll the tongue, earlobe, auricular tubercle, nose shape, base of the nose, accreted eyebrows, fold of the upper eyelid, margin of the auricle, vertex hair whorl, cheekbones, cheek dimples, and height of the nose bridge. Sex dimorphism was demonstrated for the latter five traits. Problems of the relationship between sample informativeness and precision of parameter estimation are discussed.

[The characteristics of the lipid-hormonal interrelations in young men with a history of myocardial infarct (based on family registry data in Novosibirsk and Bishkek)]. / Osobennosti lipidno-gormonal'nykh vzaimosviazei u molodykh muzhchin, perenesshikh infarkt miokarda (po materialam semeinykh registrov v Novosibirske i Bishkeke).

Altogether 226 male probands who suffered large-focal or transmural myocardial infarction (MI) before reaching 50 years were examined in Novosibirsk and Bishkek in one stage according to the unified program. In Novosibirsk all the probands were Russians whereas in Bishkek 75 probands were Kirghizs and 71 were Russians. The probands were examined within a period of 1 to 3 years after MI. The lipid and lipoprotein plasma content was determined by standardized methods on a Tekhnikon AAP autoanalyzer. The content of thyroid hormones, insulin and cortisol was measured by means of RIA-kits and that of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) by radial immunodiffusion. It turned out that the patients from Novosibirsk demonstrated the highest content of cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, the highest index of atherogenicity, the highest concentration of ApoB, and hyperinsulinemia. In the probands of both nationalities from Bishkek, the lipid spectrum did not differ substantially from the populational norm, the content of ApoB in the Russian probands was slightly lower than in those from Novosibirsk whereas in Kirghizs, the least content of thyroxin was recorded.

[Feasibility of monogenic control of blood cholesterol content for the Kirghiz population]. / O vozmozhnosti monogennogo kontrolia kontsentratsii kholesterina v krovi dlia kyrgyzskoi populiatsii.

The samples presented by 67 pedigrees ascertained from the Kirghiz population via proband having an early myocardial infarction were analysed for ischemic heart disease. It is shown that these pathologies are not accompanied by high increase in the cholesterol level, as is usual for the European populations. Segregation analysis of the cholesterol level was performed and a possibility of monogenic control of this trait was demonstrated.

[The prevalence of the main risk factors among probands who have had a myocardial infarct at a young age and among their relatives (based on family registry data in Bishkek and Novosibirsk)]. / Rasprostranennost' osnovnykh faktorov riska sredi probandov, perenesshikh infarkt miokarda v molodom vozraste, i ikh rodstvennikov (po materialam semeinykh registrov v Bishkeke i Novosibirske).

Macrofocal or transmural myocardial infarction at the age under 50 in probands served the criterion for selection of 136 families in Bishkek and Novosibirsk (66 Kirghiz and 70 Russian families, respectively). Main risk factors in probands and their families were determined according to WHO methodological recommendations. Essential hypertension was more prevalent in probands and their families in Bishkek, while hypercholesterolemia was more common in Novosibirsk families. Smoking was documented in Bishkek and Novosibirsk probands in equal proportions, though there were more smokers among probands' sons in Bishkek. Overweight occurred with equal frequency in probands' wives and daughters in both cities, but in probands and their sons in Novosibirsk this risk factor appeared more prevalent. Novosibirsk cases of reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins cholesterol and triiodothyronine, elevated concentrations of apolipoprotein B and immunoreactive insulin outnumbered those in Bishkek.

[Prevalence of atherogenic dyslipoproteinemias among the highland population]. / Rasprostranennost' aterogennykh dislipoproteidemii sredi gortsev.

The survey of a population including 40-59-old males, dwellers from the rural areas of the Tien Shan and Pamirs low- and highlands, has demonstrated that atherogenic dyslipoproteinemias are significantly more infrequently encountered among high-altitude dwellers than among low-altitude ones. The lower incidence of atherogenic dyslipoproteinemias in the mountain-dwellers correlates with much lower prevalence of coronary heart disease and its risk factors such as arterial hypertension, smoking, and obesity than with that in lowland-dwellers.

[The effect of altitude factors on the human body]. / Vozdeistvie faktorov vysokogor'ia na organizm cheloveka.

Negative consequences of the impact of alpine factors on the body of man are described. Alpine acute lung edema is one of the dangerous diseases that may develop under alpine conditions. This may affect not only beginners but also aborigines of the mountains, who return to the places they come from after a temporary stay in lowlands. Acute brain edema is regarded as no less severe condition. It may occur in about 1.2% of the people who climb to a height of 4500-5000 m. Primary alpine pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic alpine cor pulmonale are fairly prevalent under alpine conditions.

[Relation between coronary disease risk factors and mortality among men aged 40-59 years in the city of Frunze (5-year follow-up)]. / Vzaimosviaz' dinamiki faktorov riska ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa so smertnost'iu sredi muzhchin 40-59 let g. Frunze (za 5-letnii period).

The paper presents the dynamics of risk factors which was traced during prophylactic medical examinations and its relation to death rates among 40-59-year-old males from Frunze over 5 years. Prophylactic measures were found to lead to a positive dynamics of risk factors such as smoking, low physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension in groups of active prevention. There was a decrease in death rates due to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, among individuals with arterial hypertension, obesity, and low activity in the same group.

Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease risk factors among the male population in Frunze aged 40-59 years and results of a five-year prevention programme.

The study analyses, first, the prevalence of risk factors of ischaemic heart disease among the male population of the city of Bishkek, aged 40-59 years (n = 5246) and, second, the efficacy of a preventive programme according to the development of risk factors in groups exposed to preventive measures of various intensity during 5 years. The prevalence of IHD risk factors in the given population was very high. In the group exposed to active preventive intervention a decrease in the prevalence of arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking and low physical activity was registered after 5 years, compared to a group without active prevention.

[Study of the effect of migration to high-mountain regions on the blood lipoprotein system]. / Issledovanie vliianiia migratsii v gornye regiony na sistemu lipoproteidov krovi.

The effect of regular migration of lowlands residents to highlands on their blood lipoproteins was investigated. As compared to non-migrants, the migrants showed a decrease of serum total cholesterol, a reduction of low density lipoproteins, and an increase of high density lipoproteins. The antiatherogenic changes in blood lipoproteins were correlated with a lower prevalence of ischemic heart disease in migrants.

[Effectiveness of the cooperative program of multifactorial prevention of ischemic heart disease (results of the 3-year study)]. / Effektivnost' kooperativnoi programmy mnogofaktornoi profilaktiki ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa (rezul'taty 3-letnego nabliudeniia).

The paper provides the results obtained in the course of the cooperative All-Union programme on multifactor prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD), which has been implemented over 3 years to examine the efficiency of preventive actions aimed at correcting the levels of CHD risk factors. The study was conducted in 6 centers of the country among a non-organized male population aged 40-59 years. The outcome of the preventive measures, largely nonpharmacological ones, made during 3 years suggests that the prevalence of the major CHD risk factors may be reduced in the population. The preventive actions are the most beneficial in arterial hypertension and smoking.

[Chronic altitude-induced pulmonary heart disease and the status of the adrenergic receptor system]. / Khronicheskoe vysokogornoe legochnoe serdtse i sostoianie adrenoretseptornoi sistemy.

Clinical and functional features and status of the adrenoceptor system were studied in 182 mountaineers. With progressing right ventricular hypertrophy, the subjects were found to have elevated pulmonary blood pressure, increased anterior wall thickness of the right ventricle, decreased receptor densities on the surface of a cell, higher beta-receptor affinity and beta-adrenoceptor-adenylatecyclase complex dissociation.

[Nutrition and the incidence of ischemic heart disease and risk factor for its occurrence among men 20-59 years of age depending on their ethnic group affiliation]. / Pitanie rasprostrannost' i ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i faktorov riska ee vozniknoveniia sredi muzhchin 20-59 let v zavisimosti ot ikh étnicheskoi prinadlezhnosti.

The epidemiological investigation of males aged 20-59 years, conducted in Frunze, has shown a rather high incidence rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its risk factors among them, the nutrition being related with the incidence of CHD and its risk factors. The character of nutrition is distinctly associated with differences in the incidence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia among the indigenous and nonindigenous population.

[Study of the age dynamics of nutritional indicators and blood lipids in connection with the incidence of ischemic heart disease in the male population of Frunze]. / Izuchenie vozrastnoi dinamiki pokazatelei pitaniia i lipidov krovi v sviazi v rasprostranennost'iu ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa v populiatsii muzhchin g. Frunze.

Epidemiological investigation of males aged 20-59 years in Frunze has shown atherogenic tendency of age dynamics of blood lipid level. The character of the nutrition of the population studied proved to be as a whole atherogenic due to imbalance with respect to the main food substances. The shifts detected in the parameters of nutrition and blood lipids correlate well with rather high incidence of coronary heart disease among the population investigated.

[Blood lipid levels and the nature of the nutrition of 40- to 59-year-old men in the city of Frunze in relation to their ethnic classification]. / Issledovanie urovnia lipidov krovi i kharaktera pitaniia u muzhchin 40-59 let g. Frunze v zavisimosti ot étnicheskoi prinadlezhnosti.

The relationship between the nutrition character and blood lipid parameters was studied in a male population aged 40-59 years in Frunze. It was established that the levels of total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the natives were lower, while those of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol higher than in the nonnatives. At the same time the correlation values of atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins in the comparable groups were equally high. In spite of certain differences in the nutrition of the groups investigated (the percent of proteins and complex carbohydrates was higher, while the portion of simple carbohydrates and fat was lower in the ration of the natives than in the nonnatives) actual nutrition of both the native and nonnative populations is characterized by imbalance of certain groups of nutrients in the ration: prevalence of fats and low carbohydrate content.