ABSTRACT
Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae is an important and potentially fatal threat to patients and public health. During the current dramatic influx of refugees into Europe, our objective was to use whole genome sequencing for the characterization of a suspected outbreak of C. diphtheriae wound infections among refugees. After conventional culture, we identified C. diphtheriae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and investigated toxigenicity by PCR. Whole genome sequencing was performed on a MiSeq Illumina with >70×coverage, 2×250 bp read length, and mapping against a reference genome. Twenty cases of cutaneous C. diphtheriae in refugees from East African countries and Syria identified between April and August 2015 were included. Patients presented with wound infections shortly after arrival in Switzerland and Germany. Toxin production was detected in 9/20 (45%) isolates. Whole genome sequencing-based typing revealed relatedness between isolates using neighbour-joining algorithms. We detected three separate clusters among epidemiologically related refugees. Although the isolates within a cluster showed strong relatedness, isolates differed by >50 nucleotide polymorphisms. Toxigenic C. diphtheriae associated wound infections are currently observed more frequently in Europe, due to refugees travelling under poor hygienic conditions. Close genetic relatedness of C. diphtheriae isolates from 20 refugees with wound infections indicates likely transmission between patients. However, the diversity within each cluster and phylogenetic time-tree analysis suggest that transmissions happened several months ago, most likely outside Europe. Whole genome sequencing offers the potential to describe outbreaks at very high resolution and is a helpful tool in infection tracking and identification of transmission routes.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Toxins/genetics , Corynebacterium diphtheriae/genetics , Diphtheria/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Wound Infection/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Africa/epidemiology , Bacterial Toxins/metabolism , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Corynebacterium diphtheriae/drug effects , Corynebacterium diphtheriae/isolation & purification , Diphtheria/drug therapy , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Female , Genes, Bacterial , Germany/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Multigene Family , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Phylogeny , Refugees , Switzerland/epidemiology , Syria/epidemiology , Wound Infection/drug therapy , Wound Infection/microbiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
The origin and population structure of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), the agent of Lyme disease, remain obscure. This tick-transmitted bacterial species occurs in both North America and Europe. We sequenced 17 European isolates (representing the most frequently found sequence types in Europe) and compared these with 17 North American strains. We show that trans-Atlantic exchanges have occurred in the evolutionary history of this species and that a European origin of B. burgdorferi s.s. is marginally more likely than a USA origin. The data further suggest that some European human patients may have acquired their infection in North America. We found three distinct genetically differentiated groups: i) the outgroup species Borrelia bissettii, ii) two divergent strains from Europe, and iii) a group composed of strains from both the USA and Europe. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that different genotypes were likely to have been introduced several times into the same area. Our results demonstrate that irrespective of whether B. burgdorferi s.s. originated in Europe or the USA, later trans-Atlantic exchange(s) have occurred and have shaped the population structure of this genospecies. This study clearly shows the utility of next generation sequencing to obtain a better understanding of the phylogeography of this bacterial species.
Subject(s)
Borrelia burgdorferi/classification , Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics , Genetic Variation , Lyme Disease/epidemiology , Lyme Disease/microbiology , Europe/epidemiology , Evolution, Molecular , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Phylogeny , Sequence Analysis, DNA , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In June 2015, a 45-year-old man suffering from acute necrotic tonsillitis and throat phlegmon was hospitalized in Nuremberg, Germany. After emergency surgery the patient was initially treated with antibiotics. RESULTS: A throat swab grew a toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae biovar mitis strain. The patient's vaccination status was not documented and the patient was tested serologically for anti-diphtheria antibodies showing no protective immunity. Extensive control investigations were performed by the local health department showing no likely source of his infection. CONCLUSION: No secondary cases were found and the patient completely recovered.
