ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The diagnostic value of olfactory testing for the discrimination of tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) from other tremor disorders remains enigmatic. We evaluated whether olfactory testing can accurately detect PD in tremor patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 299 consecutive subjects referred for the differential diagnosis of a tremor disorder was done. Olfactory testing was performed using 'Sniffin' Sticks', resulting in a composite TDI score of odor threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I). Receiver operating curve (ROC) plots were used to calculate sensitivity/specificity for the detection of PD. RESULTS: Of all subjects, 167 (55.9%) had PD and 85 (28.4%) had essential tremor (ET). The mean TDI score in PD was significantly reduced compared to those in ET and other tremor disorders with no differences between ET and other tremor disorders. ROC analysis revealed strong correlations of TDI scores with PD [area under the curve: 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80-0.89); p < 0.001]. The highest Youden index was observed for a TDI score <25 (Youden index: 0.58). Using this cutoff score and that generated from normative data of healthy controls, the TDI score provided high sensitivity (negative predictive value) and specificity (positive predictive value) of approximately 80% for detecting PD. CONCLUSION: Olfactory testing is a useful, easily applied and inexpensive diagnostic test which is helpful to detect PD among tremor patients.
Subject(s)
Essential Tremor/diagnosis , Olfactory Perception , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Tremor/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Area Under Curve , Diagnosis, Differential , Discrimination, Psychological , Essential Tremor/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Odorants , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Physical Stimulation , ROC Curve , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sensory Thresholds , Tremor/physiopathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of intravenous zoledronate for the treatment of HIV-associated osteopenia and osteoporosis. DESIGN: A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, 12-month trial of 5 mg intravenous zoledronate dose to treat 30 HIV-infected men and women with osteopenia and osteoporosis. METHODS: Following zoledronate or placebo infusions, participants were followed for 12 months on daily calcium and vitamin D supplements. Lumbar spine and hip bone density was assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Biomarkers of bone metabolism were measured at baseline, 2 weeks, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Student's t-test and repeated measure analyses were used to evaluate bone density and bone marker changes over time. RESULTS: In the 30 HIV-infected individuals [men (27) and women (3)] in the trial, median T-scores at entry were -1.7 for the lumbar spine and -1.4 for the hip. Median CD4 cell count was 461 cells/microl, 93% had HIV-RNA viral loads less than 400 copies/ml, and 97% were taking antiretroviral medications. Bone density measured either absolutely or as sex-adjusted T-scores significantly improved in zoledronate recipients as compared with minimal changes in those receiving placebo. Bone resorption markers significantly decreased over the study period in the zoledronate recipients as compared with placebo controls. No acute infusion reactions were detected, but one patient developed uveitis, a recognized complication of zoledronate, which responded to therapy. CONCLUSION: In this small study, annual zoledronate appears to be a well tolerated and effective therapy for HIV-associated bone loss.
