Allostatic-interoceptive anticipation of social rejection.

Anticipating social stress evokes strong reactions in the organism, including interoceptive modulations. However, evidence for this claim comes from behavioral studies, often with inconsistent results, and relates almost solely to the reactive and recovery phase of social stress exposure. Here, we adopted an allostatic-interoceptive predictive coding framework to study interoceptive and exteroceptive anticipatory brain responses using a social rejection task. We analyzed the heart-evoked potential (HEP) and task-related oscillatory activity of 58 adolescents via scalp EEG, and 385 human intracranial recordings of three patients with intractable epilepsy. We found that anticipatory interoceptive signals increased in the face of unexpected social outcomes, reflected in larger negative HEP modulations. Such signals emerged from key brain allostatic-interoceptive network hubs, as shown by intracranial recordings. Exteroceptive signals were characterized by early activity between 1-15 Hz across conditions, and modulated by the probabilistic anticipation of reward-related outcomes, observed over distributed brain regions. Our findings suggest that the anticipation of a social outcome is characterized by allostatic-interoceptive modulations that prepare the organism for possible rejection. These results inform our understanding of interoceptive processing and constrain neurobiological models of social stress.

Ergosterol and polyphenol contents as rapid indicators of orchardgrass silage safety.

The ergosterol (ERG) has been proposed as a potential indicator of fungal contamination, along with polyphenol content analysis to predict silage safety. Despite efforts in controlling fungal growth in silage, mycotoxin co-contamination represents a possible risk for animal and human health. Modern analytical techniques determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating feed. Nonetheless, these methods require sometimes arduous sample pre-treatment, long separation times, and expensive standard compounds to identified contaminants. Thus, the goal of this study was to suggest a rapid analysis of ERG and polyphenol contents to assess silage hygienic quality in ten orchardgrass varieties ensiled without and with biological and chemical additives. The determination of ERG on samples was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography using UV detection and UV/Vis spectrophotometry to determine the polyphenol content. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between varieties, years and silage additives were found. Bepro was the unique variety that did not present ERG in the first cut in 2012. ERG content increased in the first cut in 2013 using biological additives as well as ERG and polyphenol contents in the first cut in 2013 using chemical additives compared with untreated silage. In addition, biological and chemical additives used in this study did not satisfactorily reduce the content of ERG and polyphenols in silage grass. Consequently, our results provide fast information about the progressive fungal contamination of grass silage. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the presence of ERG and polyphenols is determined in ten different orchardgrass varieties treated without and with additives. In general, ERG and polyphenol contents showed to be good indicators of orchardgrass silage safety.

Colombian Creole Horse: Frequency of oral and motor stereotypies.

Background and Aim: The current stable housing of Colombian Creole Horses severely restricts the animals' locomotion and natural behaviors. In addition, their feed consists of a combination of high-energy concentrates with considerably little forage which potentially leads to locomotor or oral stereotypies. This study aimed to report the frequency of locomotor and oral stereotypies in Colombian Creole Horses in Girardota (Antioquia, Colombia) and associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2020, in which 102 stabled horses aged 28 months and older participated. A questionnaire was developed to collect information on the horses' daily barn routines. The horses were observed twice a day for 2 h for 3 consecutive days to record information related to stereotypy behaviors. The Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test were utilized for data analyses. Associations were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Among the horses evaluated, 32.35% presented at least one stereotyped behavior. The most common was crib-biting (i.e., cribbing), with 17.65% exhibiting this behavior. Age, weight, gender, type of feeding, visual contact between horses, and natural lighting were all associated with oral stereotypies. Crib-biting was most common in young horses (U=1.36, p≤0.05), wind-sucking was more common in lighter weight animals (U=1.45, p=0.01), and lip-smacking was more common in stallions (χ2=9.10, p≤0.01). It is noteworthy that their feeding diet included bran, molasses, and gopher. Horses that did not have visual contact with other horses and those that did not have natural lighting were associated with pica (χ2=9.52, p≤0.02; χ2=3.72, p≤0.05; and χ2=3.72, p≤0.05, respectively). Of locomotor stereotypies, kicking the wall was significant in young animals (U=1.54, p=0.03) and walking in circles in lactating mares (χ2=13.20, p≤0.02). Conclusion: Housing conditions in this study were found to have several risk factors affecting horses that exhibit stereotypic behaviors, and all these factors resulted in a higher frequency of stereotypies. Establishing risk factors for the presentation of abnormal behaviors allows for the implementation of better management practices in the production systems of the Creole Colombian Horse and will help improve their overall welfare.

Metodología de análisis de las dinámicas, cambios y transformaciones territoriales que se presentan en los paisajes de influencia de un proyecto de desarrollo lineal. Autopista Medellín Puerto - Triunfo / Methodology of Analysis of the Dynamics, Changes, and Territorial Transformations that Occur in the Landscapes of Influence of a Linear Development Project. Medellín-Puerto Triunfo Highway

Resumen Se presenta una ruta metodológica que permite la delimitación de Unidades de Paisaje, las cuales fueron determinadas a partir de la identificación e integración de los elementos naturales que las componen y de sus comportamientos y relacionamientos culturales dentro del territorio, ese conjunto de elementos permitirá darles una resignificación territorial, la cual da línea a nombrar cada unidad de paisaje de acuerdo a su contexto territorial presente.

Abstract It presents a methodological route, which allows the delimitation of units of landscape. These were determined by the identification and integration of the natural elements, which make them up, as well as their behaviors and cultural relations within the territory. This set of elements will allow them to give a territorial resignification, which allows to name each unit of landscape according to its current territorial context.

Faltas frecuentes a la Ley 576 de 2000 presentadas al Tribunal de Ética Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en Colombia durante el periodo 2014-2017 / Frequent Infringements of Law 576 of 2000 Presented to the Tribunal of Professional Ethics Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics in Colombia during the 2014-2017 Period / Ofensas frequentes à Lei 576 de 2000 submetidas ao Tribunal de Ética Profissional de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia na Colômbia durante o período 2014-2017

Resumen La medicina veterinaria como profesión en Colombia se remonta a 1884. En 1985 se conformó el Consejo Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia y Zootecnia de Colombia (Comvezcol), y posteriormente, mediante la Ley 576 de 2000, se creó el código de ética para el ejercicio profesional de la medicina veterinaria, medicina veterinaria y zootecnia y zootecnia, así como el Tribunal Nacional de Ética Profesional (Trinadep), con el fin de tramitar las quejas, adelantar investigaciones e instruir las acciones disciplinarias contra los profesionales de las ciencias animales. En Colombia no se han encontrado reportes que permitan realizar un análisis de las faltas al código de ética, por lo cual en este artículo se busca describir las faltas más frecuentes denunciadas en el periodo 2014-2017. Para ello se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las sanciones impuestas por el Trinadep por infracción de la Ley 576 de 2000. Según los datos obtenidos durante el periodo de estudio, se sancionaron 96 profesionales, de los cuales el 53,13 % fueron médicos veterinarios, y el 42,71 % fueron médicos veterinarios zootecnistas. Se observó una mayor tasa de infracción en hombres (75 %). Los artículos 5 (22,3 %), 13 (20,56 %), 61 (19,51 %), 27 (12,2 %) y 20 (9,06 %) fueron los que más se infringieron. Estos datos permiten concluir que es necesaria la concientización de estudiantes y profesionales en algunos aspectos del desempeño profesional, como lo son el diligenciamiento adecuado de la historia clínica y los consentimientos informados, el uso debido de ayudas diagnósticas y el uso de terapéuticas acordes con el individuo.

Abstract Veterinary medicine as a profession in Colombia dates back to 1884. In 1985, the Professional Council of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of Colombia (Comvezcol) was formed, and subsequently, through Law 576 of 2000, the code of ethics for the professional practice of veterinary medicine and zootechnics was created, along with the National Tribunal of Professional Ethics (Trinadep), in order to process complaints, conduct investigations, and determine disciplinary actions against animal science professionals. In Colombia, no reports were found that would allow analyzing non-compliance with the code of ethics; consequently, this article seeks to describe the most frequent infringements reported in the period 2014-2017. To this end, a retrospective study of the sanctions imposed by Trinadep was carried out regarding non-compliance with Law 576 of 2000. According to the data obtained during the study period, 96 professionals were sanctioned; 53.13% of them were veterinarians, and 42.71% were zootechnical veterinarians. A higher rate of infraction was observed in men (75%). Articles 5 (22.3%), 13 (20.56%), 61 (19.51%), 27 (12.2%), and 20 (9.06%) were the most frequently infringed. These data allow concluding that it is necessary to raise awareness among students and professionals on some aspects of professional performance, such as the proper completion of clinical history and informed consents, the proper use of diagnostic aids, and the use of therapeutics in accordance with the individual.

Resumo A medicina veterinária como profissão na Colômbia remonta-se a 1884. Em 1985 conformou-se o Conselho Profissional de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Colômbia (Comvezcol), e posteriormente, mediante Lei 576 de 2000, foi criado o código de ética para a prática profissional da medicina veterinária e zootecnia, bem como o Tribunal Nacional de Ética Profissional (Trinadep), a fim de processar reclamações, conduzir investigações e instruir ações disciplinares contra profissionais das ciências animais. Na Colômbia não tem se encontrado relatórios que permitissem uma análise das violações do código de ética, pelo qual este artigo visa descrever as violações mais frequentes no período 2014-2017. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das sanções impostas pelo Trinadep por violações da Lei 576 de 2000. De acordo com os dados obtidos durante o período de estudo, 96 profissionais foram sancionados, dos que 53,13% foram médicos veterinários e 42,71% foram médicos veterinários zootécnicos. Observou-se maior taxa de infracção em homens (75%). Os artigos 5 (22,3 %), 13 (20,56 %), 61 (19,51 %), 27 (12,2 %) e 20 (9,06 %) foram os mais violados. Estes dados permitem concluir que é necessária a sensibilização de alunos e profissionais em alguns aspectos do desempenho profissional, como são o preenchimento adequado da anamnese e o consentimento informado, o uso correto de auxílios diagnósticos e o uso de terapêuticas acordes com o indivíduo.

Distribución geográfica de la casuística clínica bovina del servicio ambulatorio de grandes animales de la Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia) / Geographic distribution of bovine clinical casuistry in the outpatient service for large animals at the Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia) / Distribuição geográfica da casuística clínica bovina do serviço ambulatório de grandes animais da Universidade de Córdoba (Colômbia)

Resumen En este estudio se realizó la distribución geográfica de la casuística clínica bovina del servicio ambulatorio de grandes animales de la Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia). Fueron consideradas dentro del estudio solo aquellas historias clínicas completas que presentaran un diagnóstico definitivo. Los casos atendidos fueron clasificados según el sistema afectado, el diagnóstico definitivo, el tipo de tratamiento (médico o quirúrgico) y la ubicación geográfica en Córdoba. Se analizaron 6356 historias clínicas de casos presentados entre 2005 y 2016, de las cuales el 77,09 % fueron en la especie bovina, y el sistema más afectado fue el hematopoyético con 79,29 % de la casuística, seguido del sistema tegumentario (11,18 %) y el sistema digestivo (2,86 %). Se atendió el 73 % de los municipios del departamento, donde se observó un alto predominio de alteraciones en el sistema hematopoyético (79,29 %), seguido por el sistema tegumentario (11,18 %) y el sistema digestivo (2,86 %). Se estableció que el sistema hematopoyético fue afectado por hematrópicos endoglobulares como Babesia spp. y Anaplasma spp., mientras que el sistema tegumentario fue afectado principalmente por infestaciones con Rhabditis spp. (41 %), seguido de infecciones por dermatofitosis (19 %) y papilomavirus (16 %). Se puede concluir que el servicio ambulatorio de la Clínica Médico-Quirúrgica de Grandes Animales de la Universidad de Córdoba posee una amplia y variada casuística, lo que se demuestra variedad en las frecuencias de las patologías que afectan a los grandes animales de Córdoba. El conocimiento geoespacial de las enfermedades es una herramienta esencial en el adecuado desempeño profesional.

Abstract This study examined the geographical distribution of bovine clinical casuistry in the outpatient service for large animals at the Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia). Only those complete clinical histories were considered for the study that presented a definitive diagnosis. The cases treated were classified according to the affected system, definitive diagnosis, type of treatment (medical or surgical), and geographical location in Córdoba. The study included 6356 clinical histories of cases presented between 2005 and 2016; 77.09% of them in the bovine species, and the most affected system was the hematopoietic system with 79.29% of casuistry, followed by the integumentary system (11.18%), and the digestive system (2.86%). 73% of the municipalities of the department were included, where a high prevalence of. It was established that the hematopoietic system was affected by endoglobular hemotropic parasites such as Babesia spp. and Anaplasma spp., while the integumentary system was mainly affected by infestations caused by Rhabditis spp. (41%), followed by dermatophytosis (19%) and papillomavirus infections (16%). It can be concluded that the outpatient service of the Medical-Surgical Clinic of Large Animals at the Universidad de Córdoba has a wide and varied casuistry, which is demonstrated in the frequency of pathologies that affect large animals in Córdoba. The geospatial knowledge of diseases is an essential tool for proper professional performance.

Resumo Neste estudo se realizou a distribuição geográfica da casuística clínica bovina do serviço ambulatório de Grandes Animais da Universidade de Córdoba (Colômbia). Foram consideradas dentro do estudo somente aquelas histórias clínicas completas que apresentaram um diagnóstico definitivo. Os casos atendidos foram classificados de acordo com o sistema afetado, o diagnóstico definitivo, o tipo de tratamento (médico ou cirúrgico) e a localização geográfica em Córdoba. Analisaram-se 6356 histórias clínicas de casos apresentados entre 2005 e 2016, das quais o 77,09 % foram na espécie bovina, e o sistema mais afetado foi o hematopoiético com 79,29 % da casuística, seguido do sistema tegumentário (11,18 %) e o sistema digestivo (2,86 %). Se atendeu o 73 % dos municípios do estado, donde se observou um alto predomínio de alterações no sistema hematopoiético (79,29 %), seguido pelo sistema tegumentário (11,18 %) e o sistema digestivo (2,86 %). Se estabeleceu que o sistema hematopoiético foi afetado por hemotrópicos endo globulares como Babesia spp. e Anaplasma spp., em quanto que o sistema tegumentário foi afetado principalmente por infestações com Rhabditis spp. (41 %), seguido de infecções por dermatofitose (19 %) e papiloma vírus (16 %). Se pode concluir que o serviço ambulatório da Clínica Médico-Cirúrgica de Grandes Animais da Universidade de Córdoba possui uma ampla e variada casuística, o que se demonstra nas frequências das patologias que afetam aos Grandes Animais de Córdoba. O conhecimento geoespacial das doenças é uma ferramenta essencial no adequado desempenho profissional.

How do grass species, season and ensiling influence mycotoxin content in forage?

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that have harmful effects on mammals. The aim of this study was to assess the content of mycotoxins in fresh-cut material of selected forage grass species both during and at the end of the growing season. We further assessed mycotoxin content in subsequently produced first-cutting silages with respect to the species used in this study: Lolium perenne (cv. Kentaur), Festulolium pabulare (cv. Felina), Festulolium braunii (cv. Perseus), and mixtures of these species with Festuca rubra (cv. Gondolin) or Poa pratensis (Slezanka). The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and T-2 toxin were mainly detected in the fresh-cut grass material, while fumonisin and aflatoxin contents were below the detection limits. July and October were the most risky periods for mycotoxins to occur. During the cold temperatures in November and December, the occurrence of mycotoxins in fresh-cut material declined. Although June was a period with low incidence of mycotoxins in green silage, contents of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in silages from the first cutting exceeded by several times those determined in their biomass collected directly from the field. Moreover, we observed that use of preservatives or inoculants did not prevent mycotoxin production.