[Development, techniques, and utility of experimental animal models of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms]. / Desarrollo, técnicas y utilidad de modelos animales experimentales de aneurismas aórticos torácicos y abdominales.

Aneurysms are clinical entities that can develop and affect human aorta; and although in most cases they have an asymptomatic course, these pathological dilatations can lead to a lethal outcome when rupture occurs, thus the establishment of predictors is crucial for death prevention. Essential events that take place in the vessel wall have been identified and described, such as inflammation, proteolysis, smooth muscle cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling. Porcine and ovine models have been useful for the development and evaluation of endovascular devices of the aorta. However, since the worldwide introduction and adoption of these minimally invasive techniques for aneurysm repair, there is lesser availability of diseased aortic tissue for molecular, cellular, and histopathological analysis, therefore over the last three decades it has been proposed various small species models that have allowed the focal induction of these lesions for the study of physiopathological mechanisms and possible useful biomarkers as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. The present review article presents and discusses the animal models available as their applications, characteristics, advantages, and limitations for the development of preclinical studies, and their importance in the comprehension of this pathology in humans.

Los aneurismas son una de las entidades clínicas que pueden desarrollarse y afectar la aorta humana. Aunque en la mayoría de los casos tienen un carácter asintomático, estas dilataciones patológicas pueden resultar letales cuando se presentan con ruptura, por lo que el reconocimiento de factores predictores de esta complicación es crucial para evitar muertes. Fisiopatológicamente se han identificado eventos esenciales que ocurren en la pared del vaso, como inflamación, proteólisis, apoptosis del músculo liso, angiogénesis y remodelación. Las grandes especies como porcinos y ovinos han sido de utilidad para el desarrollo y evaluación del desempeño de dispositivos endovasculares en la aorta, así como la remodelación; con el advenimiento y disposición de estas técnicas mínimamente invasivas para su reparación existe una menor disponibilidad de tejido aórtico para el análisis molecular, celular e histopatológico, por lo que en las últimas tres décadas se han propuesto e introducido distintos modelos que han permitido, mediante la inducción focal de estas lesiones, el estudio de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos y posibles biomarcadores de utilidad como dianas diagnósticas y terapéuticas. El presente artículo de revisión aborda tipos de modelos animales disponibles, así como sus aplicaciones, consideraciones, ventajas y limitaciones para el desarrollo de estudios preclínicos y su importancia en el entendimiento de esta patología en la especie humana.

Utility of multimodal molecular imaging in the diagnosis and decision-making in arterial diseases.

Arterial diseases are prevalent in the general population, particularly in the elderly, and they are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nuclear imaging is a useful tool in diagnosis and follow-up in different areas of medicine, and over the last 2 decades, these study modalities have become more relevant in the field of angiology and vascular surgery due to their potential benefit in the interpretation of pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the natural history and severity of diseases that affect the circulation such as vasculitis, degenerative aortic aneurysms (AA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and complications following reconstructive procedures such as graft infections. The literature has shown evidence of an important number of radiotracers for specific molecules involved in the activity of these entities and their utility as predictors during surveillance and possible therapeutic targets. The present narrative review aims to describe the use of nuclear medicine, imaging methods, and radiotracers that have been applied in arterial diseases, as well as the advantages and considerations, their importance in the diagnosis and follow-up of these complex groups of patients, and future perspectives.