Spatio-temporal evaluation of air pollution using ground-based and satellite data during COVID-19 in Ecuador.

The concentration of gases in the atmosphere is a topic of growing concern due to its effects on health, ecosystems etc. Its monitoring is commonly carried out through ground stations which offer high precision and temporal resolution. However, in countries with few stations, such as Ecuador, these data fail to adequately describe the spatial variability of pollutant concentrations. Remote sensing data have great potential to solve this complication. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal distribution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations in Quito and Cuenca, using data obtained from ground-based and Sentinel-5 Precursor mission sources during the years 2019 and 2020. Moreover, a Linear Regression Model (LRM) was employed to analyze the correlation between ground-based and satellite datasets, revealing positive associations for O3 (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.18) and NO2 (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.25) in Quito; and O3 (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 0.23) and NO2, (R2 = 0.73, RMSE = 0.23) for Cuenca. The agreement between ground-based and satellite datasets was analyzed by employing the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), reflecting good agreement between them (ICC ≥0.57); and using Bland and Altman coefficients, which showed low bias and that more than 95% of the differences are within the limits of agreement. Furthermore, the study investigated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions, such as social distancing and isolation, on atmospheric conditions. This was categorized into three periods for 2019 and 2020: before (from January 1st to March 15th), during (from March 16th to May 17th), and after (from March 18th to December 31st). A 51% decrease in NO2 concentrations was recorded for Cuenca, while Quito experienced a 14.7% decrease. The tropospheric column decreased by 27.3% in Cuenca and 15.1% in Quito. O3 showed an increasing trend, with tropospheric concentrations rising by 0.42% and 0.11% for Cuenca and Quito respectively, while the concentration in Cuenca decreased by 14.4%. Quito experienced an increase of 10.5%. Finally, the reduction of chemical species in the atmosphere as a consequence of mobility restrictions is highlighted. This study compared satellite and ground station data for NO2 and O3 concentrations. Despite differing units preventing data validation, it verified the Sentinel-5P satellite's effectiveness in anomaly detection. Our research's value lies in its applicability to developing countries, which may lack extensive monitoring networks, demonstrating the potential use of satellite technology in urban planning.

Hemifacial microsomia: treatment alternatives-a systematic review of literature.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review literature on therapeutic options for treating hemifacial microsomia (HFM), in young patients with growth potential, classifying and comparing the different dentofacial treatment methods. STUDY DESIGN: An independent review of databases (Scopus, Embase, Ovid, Cochrane Library and PubMed) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), conducted by four evaluators. The protocol of this study was registered in International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), under the number CRD42021293076. RESULTS: Between 1970-2021, a total number of 1137 articles were published of which 27 were included in this study according to the selection criteria: one randomized multicentric trial, two case-control studies, three case series and 21 case reports. CONCLUSIONS: The most common orthopedic treatments provide vertical stimulation of the maxillary process in the affected side. Orthodontic approaches are mainly applied for vertical correction and stabilization of the occlusal plane. Other treatment options include orthognathic surgery, osteogenic distraction, temporomandibular reconstruction and grafting. It is recommended that prospective clinical randomized controlled studies be conducted using homogeneous pediatric groups with long-term follow-up, to establish recommended evidence-based methods for treating each set of hemifacial microsomia symptoms.

Dynamics of mask use as a prevention strategy against SARS-Cov-2 in Panama

BackgroundEarly in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, many national public health authorities implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions to mitigate disease outbreaks. Panama established mandatory mask use two months after its first documented case. Initial compliance was high, but diverse masks were used in public areas. We studied behavioral dynamics of mask use through the first two COVID waves in Panama, to improve implementation of effective, low-cost public health containment measures, when populations are exposed to novel air-borne pathogens. MethodsMask use behavior was recorded from pedestrians in four Panamanian populations (August to December 2020). We recorded facial coverings; and if used, the type of mask, and gender and estimated age of the wearer. FindingsPeople were highly compliant (> 95%) with mask mandates, and demonstrated important population-level behaviours: 1) decreasing use of cloth masks over time, and increasing use of surgical masks; 2) mask use was 3-fold lower in sub-urban neighborhoods than other public areas; and 3) young people were least likely to wear masks. InterpretationResults help focus highly-effective, low-cost, public health interventions for managing and controlling a pandemic. Considerations of behavioural preferences for different masks, relative to pricing and availability, are essential for optimizing public health policies. Policies to increase availability of effective masks, and behavioral nudges to increase acceptance, and to facilitate mask usage, during the on-going SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and for future pandemics of respiratory pathogens, are key tools, especially for nations lagging in access to expensive vaccines and pharmacological approaches. Funding11-2020 SNI Grant, SENACYT.

Family and social environment associated with traits of antisocial personality disorder in the prison population of Peru.

INTRODUCTION: The prison environment in Peru is one of the worst in the continent. In situations such as these, where there is considerable stress, many inmates can develop antisocial disorders, especially if they come from a conflictive family setting. OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between family relationships, social environment and features of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in the Peruvian prison population in 2016. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Analytical cross-sectional study based on a sub-analysis of the First National Penitentiary Census of Peru in 2016. The sample is the prison population (≥18 years old) that participated in said census, which was carried out in 66 correctional facilities nationwide and reached a coverage of 98.8%. RESULTS: Of the 77,086 prisoners, 76,152 participated in the analysis. The prevalence of antisocial traits was 96% and half of the population met two criteria for the disorder. Independently associated factors were, being male (RPa: 1.35; 1.30-1.40), born outside the capital (RPa: 0.89; 0.88-0, 91), friends in the neighborhood who committed offences (RPa: 1.01; 1.00-1.02) and not living with a father (RPa: 1.00; 1.00-1.01). DISCUSSION: The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder traits in the Peruvian prison population was 96%. We found greater association with the male sex, in those born in Lima and in those who escaped from their home before the age of 15.

"Evening chronotype associates with increased triglyceride levels in young adults in two independent populations".

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Evening chronotype has been linked with obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in middle-aged and older adults. However, few studies have analyzed this association in young adults. The aim of this study was to assess potential associations between individual chronotype and cardiometabolic outcomes in young adults of two independent populations from Europe and America. METHODS: Total population comprised 2 223 young adults (18-29 years old), 525 from Spain (Europe) and 1 698 from Mexico (America). Anthropometric, body composition and biochemical analyses were performed. Circadian preference was determined using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). RESULTS: In these two young adult populations, a higher metabolic risk was found in those individuals with evening chronotypes, whereas those with neither or morning chronotypes showed lower cardiometabolic risk. Evening chronotypes showed lipid alterations with increased levels of triglycerides in both populations, VLDL-c in Spaniards and total cholesterol and LDL-c in Mexicans. Among the Mexican population, evening chronotypes showed higher MetS risk and more obesity traits than the other two chronotypes; no significant differences for the same comparison were found among the equivalent Spanish chronotypes. Evening chronotypes showed lower carbohydrates and higher fat intake in Spaniards, while they had lower fiber intake in Mexicans. The associations between MEQ score and cardiometabolic risk were independent of the dietary characteristics. Lifestyle factors differed among chronotypes with more smokers and habitual drinkers among evening chronotypes than in neither or morning chronotypes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study performed in two American and European independent populations shows that even in apparently healthy young adults, evening chronotypes have increased cardiometabolic risk and lipid alterations as compared to neither or morning chronotypes.

Bioaccumulation of mercury in Haemulopsis elongatus and Pomadasys macracanthus from the SE Gulf of California: condition indexes and health risk assessment.

Mercury (Hg) was measured in the muscle, liver, and gonads of Haemulopsis elongatus and Pomadasys macracanthus from Mazatlán (SE Gulf of California) to determine the relationships of the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of fish with Hg concentrations in the corresponding tissues. Health risk to consumers was assessed by using the hazard quotient (HQ), considering the average rate of fish consumption in Mexico and Hg concentration in the edible tissue. In H. elongatus, the highest Hg levels were measured in the liver (3.748 µg g-1); in P. macracanthus, the highest Hg concentration was quantified in the muscle (0.574 µg g-1). In P. macracanthus, the HSI was negatively correlated with Hg concentration in the liver; in H. elongatus, there was also a negative relationship between Hg levels in gonads and the GSI. Mean HQ values in Haemulopsis elongatus (0.005) and Pomadasys macracanthus (0.002) were below the value (HQ ≥ 1) of concern. The significant reduction of HSI and GSI with Hg increase in the liver and gonads may suggest that Hg bioaccumulation in these fish shows adverse physiological effects. Though HQ values in both species were below the unit, i.e., the consumption of the muscle from this species does not represent a health risk, it is necessary to carry out surveys of fish consumption rates in coastal areas of Mexico to do a more precise health risk assessment associated to Hg intake.

Medición, control y conocimiento de la presión arterial: Iniciativa Mayo Mes de la Medición Colombia 2017 / Measurement, monitoring and knowledge of blood pressure: May Measurement Month, Colombia 2017

Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos de la implementación de la iniciativa Mayo Mes de la Medición 2017 aplicada a población colombiana adulta con el objetivo de crear conciencia sobre la importancia de la medición, conocimiento y control de la presión arterial. Materiales y métodos: Mayo Mes de la Medición es una encuesta transversal que sigue las directrices de la Sociedad Internacional de Hipertensión y la Liga Mundial de Hipertensión, que recoge información de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y mediciones de presión arterial. En Colombia su implementación fue liderada por la Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL) y la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Hipertensión (LASH) con el apoyo de la Red Colombiana para la Prevención de las Enfermedades Cardiovasculares y Diabetes (RECARDI). Resultados: Se recolectaron datos en 11 departamentos de 21.797 personas, siendo el 58,7% mujeres, la edad promedio fue de 40,5±17,7 años. La prevalencia global de hipertensión arterial (HTA) fue del 20,8% (autorreporte de tratamiento antihipertensivo o toma de presión arterial sistólica [≥140mmHg]). El 46,5% del total de hipertensos tuvieron cifras de presión arterial sistólica que les clasifica como no controlados (presión arterial sistólica<140mmHg) y el 26,4% no conocían su condición de hipertensos, los cuales en el presente reporte son considerados como los casos nuevos de HTA. Conclusión: La prevalencia de presión arterial es alta en esta población adulta joven, en la cual el desconocimiento de la condición de HTA es también alta, y en aquellos que conocen su condición existe un porcentaje bajo de control de la HTA, resultados que demuestran la necesidad de implementar programas eficaces de detección de pacientes hipertensos y de establecer tratamientos estandarizados para mejorar el control de la HTA como una estrategia para la reducción de eventos cardiovasculares

Aim: To describe the findings of implementing May Measurement Month 2017 in the adult Colombian population to raise awareness of the importance of blood pressure measuring, monitoring, and awareness. Materials and methods: May Measurement Month is a cross-sectional survey that follows the directives of the International Society of Hypertension and the World Hypertension League, which gathers information on cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure readings. Its implementation in Colombia was lead by the Santander Ophthalmological Foundation (FOSCAL) and the Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH) with the support of the Colombian Network for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes (RECARDI). Results: Data was collected from 11 departments on 21,797 people, 58.7% of whom were female, with an average age of 40.5±17.7 years. The overall prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) was 20.8% (self-reported antihypertensive treatment or systolic blood pressure reading [systolic blood pressure≥140mmHg]). Of the total number of hypertensives, 46.5% had systolic blood pressure readings classified as uncontrolled (systolic blood pressure<140mmHg), and 26.4% were unaware that they were hypertensive who, in this report, we consider to be new cases of HBP. Conclusion: The prevalence of (elevated) blood pressure is high in this young adult population, whose lack of awareness of HBP is also high, and HBP in those aware of their condition is poorly controlled. These results highlight the need to implement effective detection programmes for hypertensive patients and to establish standardised treatments to improve HBP control as a strategy to reduce cardiovascular events

[Measurement, monitoring and knowledge of blood pressure: May Measurement Month, Colombia 2017]. / Medición, control y conocimiento de la presión arterial: Iniciativa Mayo Mes de la Medición Colombia 2017.

AIM: To describe the findings of implementing May Measurement Month 2017 in the adult Colombian population to raise awareness of the importance of blood pressure measuring, monitoring, and awareness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: May Measurement Month is a cross-sectional survey that follows the directives of the International Society of Hypertension and the World Hypertension League, which gathers information on cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure readings. Its implementation in Colombia was lead by the Santander Ophthalmological Foundation (FOSCAL) and the Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH) with the support of the Colombian Network for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes (RECARDI). RESULTS: Data was collected from 11 departments on 21,797 people, 58.7% of whom were female, with an average age of 40.5±17.7 years. The overall prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) was 20.8% (self-reported antihypertensive treatment or systolic blood pressure reading [systolic blood pressure≥140mmHg]). Of the total number of hypertensives, 46.5% had systolic blood pressure readings classified as uncontrolled (systolic blood pressure<140mmHg), and 26.4% were unaware that they were hypertensive who, in this report, we consider to be new cases of HBP. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of (elevated) blood pressure is high in this young adult population, whose lack of awareness of HBP is also high, and HBP in those aware of their condition is poorly controlled. These results highlight the need to implement effective detection programmes for hypertensive patients and to establish standardised treatments to improve HBP control as a strategy to reduce cardiovascular events.

Protección solar en el trabajo asociado a características laborales en trabajadores de Latinoamérica: estudio base / Sun protection at work associated with the job characteristics of Latin America workers: base study

RESUMEN Los efectos nocivos de la radiación solar han sido reportados, pero casi no se ha estudiado la población laboral de Latinoamérica. Este es un estudio transversal analítico realizado en ocho países. Las preguntas sobre protección solar se tomaron de trabajos previos; además, se preguntó por las características laborales; ambos datos se cruzaron para obtener datos estadísticos de asociación. De los 3.222 trabajadores encuestados, el 71% (2270) tenía piel mestiza. Hubo asociación del enrojecimiento de la piel según la cantidad de horas de exposición solar directa (p<0,001) e indirecta (p<0,001). El 47% (995) usaban protector/bloqueador solar, el 54% (1150) usaban ropa adecuada y el 50% (1056) usaban alguna gorra o sombrero; siendo estadísticamente diferente el medio de adquisición de dichos equipos. El 21% (446) no usaba ninguno de los equipos de protección personal ante los efectos del sol. Concluimos que es alarmante el bajo porcentaje de trabajadores que reciben adecuada protección contra los efectos de la radiación solar. Esto podría generar problemas a corto, mediano y largo plazo entre los empleados, lo que podría aumentar la morbi-mortalidad y el riesgo de cáncer de piel.

ABSTRACT The harmful effects of solar radiation have been reported, but the work population in Latin America has hardly been studied. The objective is describe the type of sun protection they use and find associations according to their characteristics in Latin American workers. The methodology isCross-sectional analytical study carried out in 8 countries, the questions of sun protection were taken from previous work, in addition, asked about the labor characteristics; Both were crossed to obtain association statistics. Our results: Of the 3.222 workers surveyed, 71% (2270) had mestizo skin. There was association of skin redness according to the number of hours of direct (p <0.001) and indirect sun exposure (p <0.001). 47% (995) wore the sunscreen / protector, 54% (1150) wore appropriate clothing and 50% (1056) wore a cap or hat; statistically different according to the means of acquisition of such equipment (p value <0.001 for all three cases). 21% (446) did not wear any personal protective equipment to the effects of the sun. It is alarming that the low percentage of workers who receive adequate protection against the effects of solar radiation can cause problems in the short, medium and long term among employees. This could increase morbidity and mortality and the risk of skin cancer. It is important to do more research in this regard, as this issue is of utmost importance because of the changes that have occurred in radiation levels, which could generate a public health problem in this work group.

Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy associated with chemotherapy in four oncology centers of Colombia. / Prevalencia de neuropatia periferica asociada a quimioterapia en cuatro centros oncologicos de Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common adverse reaction in a variety of medications frequently used for a great number of cancer treatments. This condition consists of mainly sensory-type symptoms, motor components and autonomic changes. Reported prevalence ranges from 30-68%, after the completion of chemotherapy in non-Latin American people with different populations and socioeconomic levels. AIM: To determine the prevalence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in a Colombian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A real-world evidence cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in all patients from oncological clinical centers in Colombia, which received pharmacological therapy for any cancer between January 2015 and December 2016, with taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel), alkylators (oxaliplatin), proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib), and epothilone B analogs (ixabepilone). RESULTS: A total of 1,551 patients in four cities were included, and 11,280 doses were applied; predominantly females (n = 1,094; 70.5%), with a mean age of 57 ± 13 years old. Paclitaxel was the most commonly prescribed drug (n = 788; 50.8%). Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy was developed in 48.9% of paclitaxel, 58.5% of oxaliplatin, 50.5% of docetaxel, 43.7% of bortezomib and 95.2% of ixabepilone patients. Thirty-three patients were treated with two of these medications simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a frequent adverse reaction to daily cancer therapy in Colombian patients managed with taxanes, alkylators, proteasome inhibitors, and epothilone B analogs. Hence, it is necessary to establish more successful diagnostic methods and incorporate validated scales in the routine evaluation of all patients receiving these medications in our environment.

TITLE: Prevalencia de neuropatia periferica asociada a quimioterapia en cuatro centros oncologicos de Colombia.Introduccion. La neuropatia periferica inducida por quimioterapia es una reaccion comun a una variedad de medicamentos usados en el tratamiento del cancer, que consiste principalmente en sintomas sensitivos, con componentes motores y cambios autonomicos. La prevalencia es del 30-68% despues de terminar la quimioterapia en paises no latinoamericanos. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de la neuropatia periferica inducida por quimioterapia en la poblacion colombiana. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio retrospectivo con evidencia del mundo real en la totalidad de pacientes atendidos en cuatro centros oncologicos de Colombia, quienes recibieron terapia farmacologica para algun tipo de cancer entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2016 con taxanos (paclitaxel, docetaxel), agentes alquilantes (oxaliplatino), inhibidores de proteasoma (bortezomib) y analogos de epotilona B (ixabepilona). Resultados. Se siguio a un total de 1.551 pacientes en cuatro ciudades a quienes se les aplicaron 11.280 dosis, con predominio femenino (n = 1.094; 70,5%) y una edad media de 57 ± 13 años. El paclitaxel fue el farmaco mas prescrito (n = 788; 50,8%). La neuropatia inducida por quimioterapia se presento en el 48,9% de los pacientes con paclitaxel, el 58,5% de los pacientes con oxaliplatino, el 50,5% de los pacientes con docetaxel, el 43,7% de los pacientes con bortezomib y el 95,2% de los pacientes con ixabepilona. Se trato a 33 pacientes con dos de estos medicamentos simultaneamente. Conclusiones. La neuropatia periferica inducida por quimioterapia es una reaccion adversa frecuente en pacientes con cancer en Colombia tratados con taxanos, alquilantes, inhibidores de proteasoma e ixabepilona. Es necesario establecer metodos diagnosticos efectivos e incorporar escalas validadas en la evaluacion rutinaria de los pacientes que reciben estas medicaciones.

[Ultrasound-guided infiltration results in chronic brachial biceps tendinitis]. / Resultados de infiltración guiada ecográficamente en tendinitis crónica del bíceps braquial.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior shoulder pain is one of the most common symptoms in the orthopedic consultation, much of it is associated with the pathology of the long head biceps tendon; in general, its management is conservative, including injections which are performed blindly as a common clinical practice. With the advent of imaging support in the performance of these procedures such as ultrasound can improve the accuracy of biceps tendon sheath injections to obtain a better clinical result. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical results of patients with chronic biceps tendinitis who were injected by ultrasound guidance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational single-cohort study with prospective follow-up which included patients with chronic tendonitis of the long biceps brachii who were candidates for ultrasound-guided infiltration. The presence of pain (Visual Analogue Scale) and functionality (Constant-Murley Test) was evaluated after two weeks. Quantitative variables are reported as averages and standard deviation. RESULTS: The study comprised 18 patients with an average age of 59.6 years, the EVA score decreased from 7.2 (SD 1.6) before-injection to 3.7 (2.7) post-injection. The Constant-Murley score improved from 51.1 (SD 9.5) before injection to 65.9 (15.7) at follow-up. No complications were reported. DISCUSSION: Ultrasound-guided infiltration is a safe procedure that results in improvement of pain and functionality of patients with tendonitis of the biceps brachial.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor anterior de hombro es uno de los síntomas más comunes en la consulta ortopédica, gran parte está asociada con la patología del tendón de la porción larga del bíceps; por lo general su manejo es conservador e incluye infiltraciones, las cuales se efectúan a «ciegas¼ como una práctica clínica común. Con el surgimiento del apoyo imagenológico en la realización de estos procedimientos, como la ecografía, se puede mejorar la precisión de las infiltraciones para obtener un mejor resultado clínico. OBJETIVO: Describir los resultados clínicos de los pacientes con tendinitis crónica del bíceps que fueron infiltrados mediante guía ecográfica en la Clínica Universitaria Colombia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional de cohorte única y con seguimiento prospectivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes con tendinitis crónica de la porción larga del bíceps braquial que eran candidatos a infiltración guiada ecográficamente. Se evaluó la presencia de dolor (escala visual análoga) y funcionalidad (test de Constant-Murley) a las dos semanas. Las variables cuantitativas se reportan como promedios y desviación estándar. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 59.6 años. La intensidad del dolor disminuyó de 7.2 (DE 1.6) preinfiltración a 3.7 (DE 2.7) postinfiltración. La puntuación de Constant-Murley mejoró de 51.1 (DE 9.5) antes de la infiltración a 65.9 (15.7) en el seguimiento. No se registraron complicaciones. DISCUSIÓN: La infiltración guiada por ecografía es un procedimiento seguro que se traduce en mejoría de dolor y funcionalidad de pacientes con tendinitis del bíceps braquial.

Factores asociados a síntomas depresivos en madres con hijos hospitalizados en unidades de pediatría y neonatología en Perú: estudio de casos y controles / Factors associated to depressive symptoms in mothers with children hospitalized in pediatric and neonatology units of Peru: a case-control study

INTRODUCCIÓN La depresión postparto ha sufrido un crecimiento significativo, pero en la sierra central peruana no existen estudios acerca de este tema. OBJETIVOS Identificar y establecer los factores de riesgo para desarrollar depresión postparto en las madres que tienen a sus hijos hospitalizados en unidades de pediatría y neonatología en la ciudad de Huancayo. MÉTODOS Estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron las fichas de recolección de datos de las madres que tuvieron hospitalizados a sus hijos en unidades de pediatría y neonatología durante 2017. Los casos fueron las que tuvieron "presencia de síntomas de depresión postparto". Se cruzó esta variable con otras mediante la regresión logística. Se obtuvieron los Odds ratio, sus intervalos de confianza al 95% y los valores p. RESULTADOS Se evaluaron 61 fichas de madres que padecieron depresión postparto (casos) y 61 fichas de madres sin este tipo de patología (controles). Al realizar el análisis multivariado, se encontró que aquellas madres con una condición laboral de tipo desempleada (p < 0,001), así como aquellas que fueron solteras (valor p < 0,001) y las que tuvieron un embarazo no planificado (p = 0,003); tuvieron una mayor posibilidad de depresión postparto). Por el contrario, aquellas que manifestaron tener problemas graves con su pareja tuvieron una menor oportunidad de depresión postparto (p = 0,003); ajustado por nueve variables. CONCLUSIONES Se encontraron diversos factores relacionados con la depresión postparto: el estado civil, la relación con la pareja, la condición laboral y la no planificación del embarazo.

INTRODUCTION Postpartum depression has increased significantly worldwide, but in the central Peruvian mountain, there are no studies that address this problem. OBJECTIVES To identify and to establish risk factors for postpartum depression in mothers whose children are hospitalized in pediatrics/neonatology units in Huancayo. METHODS This is a case-control study. Medical records of mothers whose children were hospitalized in pediatrics/neonatology units during 2017 were included. The cases were defined as patients who "had symptoms of postpartum depression." This variable was crossed with other variables using logistical regression, odds ratio were obtained, their confidence intervals were set to 95%, and the p values were calculated. RESULTS Sixty-one medical records of mothers with postpartum depression (cases) and 61 medical records of mothers without postpartum depression (control) were evaluated. In the multivariate analysis, the unemployed mothers had a bigger chance of postpartum depression (p < 0.001), as well as single mothers (p < 0.001), and those with an unplanned pregnancy (p = 0.003). Conversely, mothers who reported having serious problems with their partner had a smaller chance of postpartum depression (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Different factors were found to be related to postpartum depression: marital situation, relationship with their partners, work conditions, and having an unplanned pregnancy.

Deficiencia e insuficiencia de vitamina D en mujeres post cirugía bariátrica Roux en Y / Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among women with Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery / Deficiência e Insuficiência de vitamina D em mulheres post cirurgia bariátrica Roux em Y

Objetivo Determinar la relación entre la falta de seguimiento, adherencia al tratamiento con multivitamínicos y niveles séricos de 25-OH vitamina D (Vit-D) en mujeres post-cirugía BPRY, en la UNEME de la ciudad de Tijuana, Baja California, México. Métodos Estudio Transversal analítico que incluyó mujeres post-cirugía BPRY (GCa, n=13), con Obesidad Mórbida (GOM, n=13) y mujeres aparentemente sanas (GCo, n=13). Posterior a la autorización mediante consentimiento informado escrito, se realizó una historia clínica, valoración antropométrica, aplicación del instrumento de medición y en una segunda cita se tomó una muestra sanguínea para la cuantificación de Vit-D. El instrumento de medición fue validado mediante Kappa de Cohen mayor al 80% y alfa de Cronbach de 1. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante pruebas de diferencia de medias t de Student y ANOVA donde se consideró una p < 0.05 en una prueba a dos colas. Se determinó prevalencia, significancia estadística de la falta de adherencia y seguimiento en relación a los niveles de Vit-D. Resultados La prevalencia de falta de adherencia al tratamiento multivitamínico en estas mujeres con post-cirugía BPRY fue de 85% y la falta de seguimiento post quirúrgico que incluye pruebas de laboratorio de micronutrientes fue del 100%. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las medias de los niveles de Vit-D entre las mujeres con y sin adherencia al multivitamínico p < 0.05, IC 95%. Conclusiones Se demostró que la falta de adherencia y seguimiento al tratamiento con multivitamínicos son factores de riesgo para la insuficiencia y deficiencia de Vit-D en pacientes con post-cirugía BPRY.

Objective To determine the interrelationships among lack of compliance, multi-vitamin treatment adherence, and serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D among women with Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery in the UNEME of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Methods This is an analytical and transversal study on women with Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery (GCa, n=13) with morbid obesity (GOM, n=13), and apparently healthy women (GCo, n=13). After the corresponding written informed consents, in a first appointment, the medical record, the anthropometric assessment, and the administration of the instrument were performed, while in a second appointment, blood samples were taken in order to measure the vitamin D levels. The assessment instrument was validated through a Cohen Kappa greater than 80% and a Cronbach Alpha of 1. Student's t test and two-tailed, p < 0.05 ANOVAS were calculated. Results While a lack of adherence to multi-vitamin treatment was found in 85% of the women, a lack of post-surgical follow-up, including micro-nutrients lab tests, was found in 100%. A statistically significant difference between the mean vitamin D levels of women with and without multi-vitamin treatment adherence was found (p < 0.05, CI 95%). Conclusions It was demonstrated that the lack of adherence to multi-vitamin treatments is a vitamin D deficiency risk factor among patients with Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery.

Objetivo Determinar a relação entre a falta de seguimento, aderência ao tratamento com multivitamínicos e niveis séricos de 25-OH vitamina D (Vit-D) em mulheres post-cirurgia BPRY, na UNEME da cidade de Tijuana, Baja California, México. Métodos. Estudo Transversal analítico que incluiu mulheres post-cirurgia BPRY (GCa, n=13), com Obesidade Mórbida (GOM, n=13) e mulheres aparentemente saudáveis (GCo, n=13). Posterior à autorização mediante consentimento informado escrito, realizou-se uma história clínica, avaliação antropométrica, aplicação do instrumento de medição e em uma segunda consulta tomou-se uma amostra sanguínea para a quantificação de Vit-D. O instrumento de medição foi validado mediante Kappa de Cohen maior a 80% e alfa de Cronbach de 1. A análise estatística dos dados realizou-se mediante probas de diferencia de média t de Student e ANOVA onde se considerou uma p < 0.05 em um teste bilateral. Determinou-se prevalência, significância estatística da falta de aderência e seguimento em relação aos níveis de Vit-D. Resultados A falta de aderência ao tratamento multivitamínico nestas mulheres bariátricas foi de 85% e a falta de seguimento post cirúrgico que inclui testes de laboratório de micronutrientes foi de 100%. Encontrou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a média dos níveis de Vit-D entre as mulheres com e sem aderência no multivitamínico p < 0.05, IC 95%. Conclusões . Demostrou-se que a falta de aderência e seguimento no tratamento com multivitamínicos são fatores de risco para a insuficiência e deficiência de Vit-D em pacientes bariátricos.

Factors associated with uninvestigated dyspepsia in students at 4 Latin American schools of medicine: A multicenter study. / Factores asociados a dispepsia no investigada en estudiantes de 4 facultades de medicina de Latinoamérica: estudio multicéntrico.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Dyspepsia is a multifactorial disease that can involve alcohol, tobacco, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, as well as lifestyle, diet, socioeconomic elements, or psychologic factors. The aim of the present article was to establish the frequency of uninvestigated dyspepsia and determine its associated factors in students at 4 Latin American schools of medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, analytic study was conducted, in which a survey made up of closed-ended questions was applied at just one point in time. The association between the variables was then analyzed. A new questionnaire for the diagnosis of dyspepsia was one of the tests utilized to diagnose uninvestigated dyspepsia. Generalized linear models were used for the bivariate and multivariate analyses, employing the Poisson model with the log link function, obtaining crude prevalence ratios, adjusted prevalence ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Of the 1,241 individuals surveyed, 54% (841) were females and the median age was 21 years (range: 19-23 years). Prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was 46%. The factors that had a direct association with dyspepsia were: depression, difficulty sleeping, and coffee consumption. On the contrary, eating regularly in a boarding house and the male sex had an inverse association. CONCLUSIONS: Uninvestigated dyspepsia frequency was high in students at 4 Latin American schools. Depression, difficulty sleeping, and steady coffee drinking were factors directly associated with dyspepsia, whereas male sex and eating out at regular hours were factors with a reverse association. Therefore, we recommend that universities implement early detection programs for this highly preventable pathology.

Caracterización del dolor torácico en pacientes que consultan al Servicio de Urgencias de una institución de salud de alto nivel de complejidad, en el periodo 2014-2015, en Medellín, Colombia / Characterization of chest pain in patients attending the emergency department of a high-complexity-level health-care institution, during 2014-2015, in Medellin, Colombia

Introducción: El dolor torácico agudo es una sensación dolorosa que se manifiesta entre el diafragma y la base del cuello, e implica un reto diagnóstico para cualquier médico en el servicio de urgencias. Objetivo: Determinar las principales características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes que consultan por dolor torácico en una clínica privada de la ciudad de Medellín. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo transversal, realizado con la información consignada en las historias clínicas de los adultos que consultaron por dolor torácico en el servicio de urgencias, en el periodo 2014-2015, y que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. La información se analizó en el programa SPSS 21, a las variables cualitativas se les calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas y a las cuantitativas se utilizaron promedios con desviación estándar o medianas. Resultados: Se evaluaron un total de 231 historias clínicas de pacientes que consultaron por dolor torácico. La edad promedio fue 49,5 ± 19,9 años, sexo femenino 56,7 %. Los antecedentes personales más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial 35,5 %, diabetes 10,8 %, dislipidemia 10,4 % y enfermedad coronaria 5,2 %. Respecto a las características del dolor, el 40,3 % fue de inicio súbito, de localización precordial el 38,2 %, para el 20 % el desencadenante fue la actividad física y el 60,6 % era de carácter opresivo. De los pacientes con diagnóstico etiológico, el más frecuente fue costocondritis con 18,2 %. Conclusiones: A pesar de que las características clínicas del dolor reportadas coinciden con la presentación clínica de un síndrome coronario agudo, la etiología más frecuente no fue esta, sino que fue la costocondritis, indicando que es un diagnóstico diferencial en el enfoque de un paciente con dolor torácico agudo (AU)

Introduction: Acute chest pain is a distressing sensation between the diaphragm and the base of the neck and it represents a diagnostic challenge for any physician in the emergency department. Objective: To establish the main clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients who present with chest pain to the emergency department in a private clinic from the city of Medellin. Methods: Cross-sectional retrospective observational study, were patients who consulted for chest pain in the emergency department who met the eligibility criteria during 2014-2015. The information was analyzed in SPSS program vr.21; qualitative variables were described through relative frequencies, and the quantitative through mean and standard deviation or medians according to their distribution in the study population. Results: A total of 231 patients were evaluated, the mean age was 49.5 ± 19.9 years, 56.7 % were females. The most frequent pathological antecedents were hypertension 35.5 %, diabetes 10,8 %, dyslipidemia 10.4 % and coronary disease 5.2 %. Regarding pain features, in 40.3 % of the patients the pain began abruptly, in 38.2 % it had a precordial location, for 20 % of the cases physical activity acted as a trigger, and 60.6 % was oppressive. Costochondritis was the most common cause of chest pain among patients with an established etiologic diagnosis, representing the 18.2 %. Conclusions: Although the clinical features of pain reported coincide with the clinical presentation of an acute coronary syndrome, the most common cause of chest pain in study population was costochondritis instead, indicating that it is a differential diagnostic in the approach of patients with pain acute chest (AU)

Evaluation of concordance among three cardiac output measurement techniques in adult patients during cardiovascular surgery postoperative care / Evaluación de la concordancia de tres técnicas de medición del gasto cardiaco en pacientes adultos durante el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca

Introduction: The standard method for cardiac output measuring is thermodilution although it is an invasive technique. Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) offers a dynamic and functional alternative to thermodilution. Objective: Analyze concordance between two TEE methods and thermodilution for cardiac output assessment. Methods: Observational concordance study in cardiovascular surgery patients that required pulmonary artery catheter. TEE cardiac output measurement at both mitral annulus (MA) and left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) were performed. Results were compared with thermodilution. Correlation was evaluated by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and Bland- Altman analysis. Statistical analysis was undertaken in STATA 13.0. Results: Twenty-five patients were enrolled. Fifty two percent of patients were male, median age and ejection fraction was 63 years and 35% respectively. Median thermodilution, LVOT and MA -measured cardiac output was 3.25 L/min, 3.46 L/min and 8.4 L/min respectively. Different values between thermodilution and MA measurements were found (Lin concordance=0.071; Confidence Interval 95%=−0.009 to 0.151; Spearman's correlation=0.22) as values between thermodilution and LVOT (Lin concordance=0.232; Confidence Interval 95%=−0.12 a 0.537; Spearman's correlation 0.28). Bland- Altman analysis showed greater difference between MA measurements and thermodilution (DM=−0.408; Bland-Altman Limits=−0.809 to −0.007), than the other echocardiographic findings (DM=0.007; Bland-Altman Limits=−0.441 to 0.428). Conclusion: Results from cardiac output measurement by doppler and 2D-TEE on both MA and LVOT do not correlate with those obtained by thermodilution (AU)

Introducción: El cálculo del gasto cardiaco se realiza por termodilución, y su principal desventaja es el carácter invasivo. La ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) representa una alternativa dinámica y funcional a la termodilución. Objetivo: Analizar la concordancia entre dos métodos de ETE y termodilución para la evaluación del gasto cardiaco. Métodos: Estudio observacional de concordancia en pacientes de cirugía cardiovascular con requerimiento de catéter de arteria pulmonar. Se realizó medición de gasto cardiaco por ETE en anillo mitral (AM) y en el tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo (TSVI). Los resultados se compararon con la termodilución. La concordancia fue evaluada por el coeficiente de correlación concordancia de Lin y analizada por el método de Bland-Altman. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron en STATA 13.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 25 pacientes. El 52% fueron hombres, con mediana de edad de 63años y fracción de eyección del 35%. La mediana de gasto cardiaco por termodilución, AM y TSVI fue de 3,25, de 3,46 y de 8,4L/min, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferentes valores entre termodilución y AM (concordancia de Lin=0,071; IC95%: −0,009 a 0,151), así como entre termodilución y TSVI (concordancia de Lin=0,232; IC95%: −0,12 a 0,537). El análisis de Bland-Altman muestra una diferencia entre la medición por AM y termodilución importante (DM=−0,408; Bland-Altman Limits=−0,809 a −0,007), así como entre las dos medidas por ETE (DM=0,007; Bland-Altman Limits=−0,441 a 0,428). Conclusión: Los resultados en la medición del gasto cardiaco por doppler y ETE bidimensional tanto a nivel del anillo mitral como del TSVI no son concordantes con la termodilución (AU)

Evaluation of concordance among three cardiac output measurement techniques in adult patients during cardiovascular surgery postoperative care.

INTRODUCTION: The standard method for cardiac output measuring is thermodilution although it is an invasive technique. Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) offers a dynamic and functional alternative to thermodilution. OBJECTIVE: Analyze concordance between two TEE methods and thermodilution for cardiac output assessment. METHODS: Observational concordance study in cardiovascular surgery patients that required pulmonary artery catheter. TEE cardiac output measurement at both mitral annulus (MA) and left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) were performed. Results were compared with thermodilution. Correlation was evaluated by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. Statistical analysis was undertaken in STATA 13.0. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were enrolled. Fifty two percent of patients were male, median age and ejection fraction was 63 years and 35% respectively. Median thermodilution, LVOT and MA -measured cardiac output was 3.25 L/min, 3.46 L/min and 8.4 L/min respectively. Different values between thermodilution and MA measurements were found (Lin concordance=0.071; Confidence Interval 95%=-0.009 to 0.151; Spearman's correlation=0.22) as values between thermodilution and LVOT (Lin concordance=0.232; Confidence Interval 95%=-0.12 a 0.537; Spearman's correlation 0.28). Bland-Altman analysis showed greater difference between MA measurements and thermodilution (DM=-0.408; Bland-Altman Limits=-0.809 to -0.007), than the other echocardiographic findings (DM=0.007; Bland-Altman Limits=-0.441 to 0.428). CONCLUSION: Results from cardiac output measurement by doppler and 2D-TEE on both MA and LVOT do not correlate with those obtained by thermodilution.

Influence of precursor porosity on sodium and sulfur promoted iron/carbon Fischer-Tropsch catalysts derived from metal-organic frameworks.

Iron-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with varying porosity are converted by pyrolysis into iron/carbon catalysts with predetermined composition and tailored pore structural features for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of lower C2-C4 olefins. Significantly higher activity arises for catalysts with higher porosity and decreased iron particle size derived from hierarchical MOF xerogel/aerogel precursors as compared to a purely microporous MOF. Post-synthetic functionalization using sodium and sulfur promoters further enhances the catalytic properties.

Biomarcadores moleculares: una nueva herramienta en el diagnóstico de la preeclampsia / Molecular biomarkers: A new tool for the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia

La preeclampsia es una complicación frecuente del embarazo, asociada a altas tasas de morbimortalidad materna y fetal. Es de gran importancia el diagnóstico oportuno y la vigilancia activa en el abordaje de esta dolencia. En la actualidad la historia ginecoobstétrica constituye la única herramienta disponible para estratificar el riesgo de desarrollar esta condición, sin embargo, no es suficiente. Dada la compleja y aún desconocida fisiopatología de la preeclampsia, los biomarcadores moleculares surgen como una posible herramienta de tamización de este trastorno, que muestran un alto potencial en los estudios realizados en la actualidad; sin embargo, aún no se ha determinado la utilidad clínica de estas moléculas, y no se ha estandarizado un biomarcador específico que logre predecir la aparición de la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo estudios más grandes y complejos donde se logre determinar la verdadera utilidad clínica de estas moléculas

Pre-eclampsia is a common complication during pregnancy that is associated with high rates of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality, so a timely diagnosis and active surveillance are essential in the management of this condition. Obstetrical gynaecological history is currently the only tool available to stratify the risk of developing this condition. However, this is not sufficient, given the complex and still unknown pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Molecular biomarkers have emerged as a possible screening tool for this disorder, showing great potential in current studies. However, the clinical usefulness of these molecules has not yet been determined, and a specific biomarker has not been standardised to predict the development of the disease. It is therefore necessary to carry out larger and more complex studies to determine the true clinical utility of these molecules

Elastic and anelastic relaxation behaviour of perovskite multiferroics II: PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 (PZT)-PbFe0.5Ta0.5O3 (PFT).

Elastic and anelastic properties of ceramic samples of multiferroic perovskites with nominal compositions across the binary join PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3-PbFe0.5Ta0.5O3 (PZT-PFT) have been assembled to create a binary phase diagram and to address the role of strain relaxation associated with their phase transitions. Structural relationships are similar to those observed previously for PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3-PbFe0.5Nb0.5O3 (PZT-PFN), but the magnitude of the tetragonal shear strain associated with the ferroelectric order parameter appears to be much smaller. This leads to relaxor character for the development of ferroelectric properties in the end member PbFe0.5Ta0.5O3. As for PZT-PFN, there appear to be two discrete instabilities rather than simply a reorientation of the electric dipole in the transition sequence cubic-tetragonal-monoclinic, and the second transition has characteristics typical of an improper ferroelastic. At intermediate compositions, the ferroelastic microstructure has strain heterogeneities on a mesoscopic length scale and, probably, also on a microscopic scale. This results in a wide anelastic freezing interval for strain-related defects rather than the freezing of discrete twin walls that would occur in a conventional ferroelastic material. In PFT, however, the acoustic loss behaviour more nearly resembles that due to freezing of conventional ferroelastic twin walls. Precursor softening of the shear modulus in both PFT and PFN does not fit with a Vogel-Fulcher description, but in PFT there is a temperature interval where the softening conforms to a power law suggestive of the role of fluctuations of the order parameter with dispersion along one branch of the Brillouin zone. Magnetic ordering appears to be coupled only weakly with a volume strain and not with shear strain but, as with multiferroic PZT-PFN perovskites, takes place within crystals which have significant strain heterogeneities on different length scales.