ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso y déficit en menores de 17 años del departamento de Antioquia por subregión y municipio. Metodología:estudio transversal con fuente secundaria basado en la información de un estudio poblacional en el departamento de Antioquia. Se calcularon los indicadores de malnutrición por déficit y exceso según peso para la talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y talla para la edad y se exploró la asociación conjunta de variables de persona y lugar a través de una regresión multinomial sobre los indicadores mencionados. Resultados y discusión:el riesgo de malnutrición por exceso según el peso para la talla fue del 23% y el de déficit del 7,6%; según el IMC el riesgo de malnutrición por exceso fue del 25,6% y el de déficit del 17,7%. La subregión con mayor riesgo de malnutrición por déficit fue Occidente, 37% siendo Peque el municipio más prevalente, 60,4% en contraste con el Valle de Aburrá que fue la subregión con mayor malnutrición por exceso, donde se destacó el municipio de Titiribí, 46,3%. La malnutrición fue más prevalente los niños hombres menores de 17 años, con asiento en la zona urbana, alimentación insana cuya familia tenía ingresos por debajo de salario mínimo legal vigente para el año 2014 Conclusiones:se deben priorizar intervenciones nutricionales en los menores de 17 años en salud pública en los municipios de la subregión del occidente y del Valle de la Aburrá, especialmente en Peque y Titiribí, donde la malnutrición por déficit y exceso fue mayor.
Abstract Objective: to determine the prevalence of malnutrition by excess and deficiency in children under 17 in the department of Antioquia by subregions and municipalities. Methodology: a cross-sectional study with secondary data sources based on the information retrieved from a population-based study in the department of Antioquia. The indicators of malnutrition by excess and deficiency were calculated based on weight-for-height, body mass index (BMI) and height-for-age. In addition, the joint association of person and place variables was explored through a multinomial regression for the indicators mentioned. Results and discussion: the risk of malnutrition by excess according to weight-for-height values was 23%, and the deficiency 7.6%; according to BMI values, the risk of malnutrition by excess was 25.6% and the deficiency 17.7%. The western subregion had the highest risk of malnutrition by deficiency (37%); in this area, Peque was the municipality with the highest prevalence (60.4%). In contrast, the Aburrá Valley was the subregion with the highest values for malnutrition by excess, where the municipality of Titiribí stood out with 46.3%. Malnutrition was more prevalent among male children under 17 living in urban areas, with unhealthy diets and families with incomes below the current legal minimum wage for the year 2014. Conclusions:it is necessary for public health to prioritize nutrition interventions targeting children under 17 in the municipalities of the western and Valle Aburrá subregions, especially at Peque and Titiribí, where malnutrition by deficit and excess was greater.
Resumo Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de nutrição deficiente por ingestão excessiva ou exígua em menores de 17 anos do Departamento de Antioquia, nas sub-regiões e municípios. Metodologia: estudo transversal com fonte secundária, baseado na informação de uma pesquisa populacional no Departamento de Antioquia. Calcularam-se indicadores de nutrição deficiente por exigüidade e por excesso segundo a altura e os quilogramas, o Índice de Massa Corporal, e a altura para a idade. Também explorou-se a associação conjunta de variáveis de pessoa e lugar, através de uma regressão multinomial sobre os indicadores mencionados. Resultados e discussão: o risco de nutrição deficiente por excesso segundo os quilogramas para a altura foi de 23%, e o risco de nutrição deficiente por exigüidade foi de 7,6%. Segundo o IMC, o risco de nutrição deficiente por excesso foi de 25,6% e por exigüidade de 17,7%. A sub-região de mais alto risco de nutrição deficiente por exigüidade foi Ocidente, com 37%, sendo Peque o município mais prevalente, com 60,4%. Em contraste, El Valle de Aburrá foi a sub-região com maior prevalência de nutrição deficiente por excesso, destacando o município de Titiribí, com 46,3%. A nutrição deficiente mais prevalente foi nos sujeitos masculinos menores de 17 anos que moravam nas áreas urbanas, com alimentação insalubre e família com renda menor ao salário mínimo legal do ano 2014. Conclusões: Deve dar-se prioridade às intervenções nutricionais nos menores de 17 anos nos programas de saúde pública dos municípios da sub-região Ocidente e Valle de Aburrá, especialmente em Peque e Titiribí, onde a nutrição deficiente por exigüidade e excesso foi mais alta.
ABSTRACT
The high content of particulate matter in municipal wastewater hinders the conventional anaerobic treatments at psychrophilic temperatures. The hydrolysis of the particulate chemical oxygen demand (pCOD) could be the limiting step under these conditions. Therefore, new pretreatments or improved conventional pretreatments are needed in order to separate pCOD. In this work, direct membrane filtration of municipal wastewater, using an ultrafiltration membrane, was investigated. This intensive pretreatment, which aims to separate soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) and to concentrate pCOD, together with anaerobic treatments of both streams at psychrophilic and mesophilic conditions respectively, could be an alternative to the conventional activated sludge process. The obtained results show a removal yield of 24.9% of the total solids (TS) and 45% of total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), obtaining a permeate free of suspended solids. This physical removal implies the accumulation of solids inside the membrane tank, reaching the values of 45.4 and 4.4â g/L of TS in the sedimentation and filtration sections, respectively. The membrane operated with filtration, backwashing cycles and continuous gas sparging, with a permeate flux predominantly around 10â L/(m2â h). The results show the viability of the technology to concentrate pCOD and so to improve energy recovery from municipal wastewater.
Subject(s)
Waste Disposal, Fluid , Water Purification/methods , Anaerobiosis , Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis , Bioreactors , Filtration , Sewage , WastewaterABSTRACT
In this paper, community capacity building (CCB) is seen as part of a long-standing health promotion tradition involving community action in health promotion. The conceptual context of the term CCB is presented, and compared with other community approaches. The usage of the term is variable. It is submitted that its common features are (i) the concepts of capacity and empowerment (versus disease and deficiency), (ii) bottom-up, community-determined agendas and actions and (iii) processes for developing competence. A brief literature review looks at some of the main contributions from the 1990 s on, which reveal an emphasis on building competencies, the measurement of community capacity and the attempt to break CCB down into operational components. Academic research on the impact of CCB on health is lacking, but multiple case studies documented in the 'grey literature' suggest CCB is highly effective, as does research in related areas, such as community empowerment. Five contemporary case studies submitted by the contributing authors show both the range and efficacy of CCB applications. The concluding synthesis and recommendations say that what is needed for health promotion in a globalized world is a balance between global macro (policy, regulatory, etc.) actions and those of the human and local scale represented by CCB. It is concluded that action centred on empowered and capable communities, in synergistic collaboration with other key players, may be the most powerful instrument available for the future of health promotion in a globalized world.
