[Methodological approaches to the training optimization for students in radiation hygiene].

In the article the psycho-pedagogical and physiological-hygienic aspects of improvement of student's learning in radiation hygiene at the Health-prophylactic Faculty of the medical institution within a framework of the requirements of the new Federal State Educational Standard -3 are considered.

[Specific features of hygienic standardization of noise in Metro].

There are various harmful physical factors in the passenger and work premises of the Moscow underground. Noise is the most common harmful factor. The normative documents regulating noise in the underground were found to have discrepancies, which in practice makes it difficult to define whether the level of the sound is in compliance with the existing specifications and hence to determine effective actions made to mitigate its negative impact on the underground passengers and personnel.

[Socio-hygienic, psychological, and pedagogical adaptation in students].

The paper considers the topical hygienic aspects of education and adaptation improvement in senior (fourth-year) medical students from the Faculty of Medical Prevention.

[Implementation of F. F. Erisman's scientific ideas at the general hygiene department].

F.F. Erisman, a prominent scientist, gifted tutor, and outstanding public figure is ranked among the founders of hygienic science in this country. He created a university course of hygiene and founded a large scientific school. His scientific and public work was continued by many disciples, such as G.V. Khlopin, C.F. Bubnov, N.K. Ignatov, S.S. Orlov, A.N. Sysin, N.V. Krasnovskaya, etc. To-day, personnel of the Department develop universal approaches to rate setting as regards environmental factors harmful for human health.

[Modern principles of prevention of human transmitted infections].

According to information about ecology of agents of parasitic diseases with lousy-flea mechanism of contamination, mite natural diseases and experience of battle with them, we can make a conclusion: elimination of spongers in their natural environment, lousies and fleas by washing and disinfection is not effective. Alternative is implementation of insectoacaricides of new class, based on permethrins. These insectoacaricides are secure for environment and very effective towards arthopods. Method of non-termal preventing suction of arthopods is probed in military practice and other treatment-prophylaxis institutes. It is proposed to implement new insectoacaricides in form of spray cans as part of individual contrebiological drug-locker of every service man, acting in difficult epidemiological situation, caused by virus threat of lousy or flea infection, or by beforehanded provision by impregnated uniform or clothes.

[The problem connected with probability of zoonotic bird's influenza pandemic].

Because of the probability of influenza pandemic that can occur in the next few years the anthroponotic and zoonotic hypotheses of influenza A agents remained in biosphere are discussed. The most arguments show that anthroponotic A2 virus that persists in inactive form among the population since 1968 can return in circulation. Alternative is the long co-circulation of "drifting" variants of A1 and A3 viruses that continue causing separate weak epidemics in the world due to decrease in their epidemic potential. Zoonotic influenza in people represents the local epidemic manifestations of epizootic process in the countries of south-west Asia that occur under the influence of social and natural conditions usual for the region. It's unlikely that zoonotic recombinant viruses can rapidly adapt to human organism, to form the anthroponotic transfer mechanism and cause the pandemic. Competition between anthroponotic influenza viruses and other agents of human droplet infections prevents it. The main task of today is the prophylaxis of anthroponotic influenza and strengthening of epidemiological and epizootological inspection of zoonotic viruses-recombinants.

[Design of software and hardware complex of automated systems for the management of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance].

A new information system (IS) - the software and hardware complex for controlling the state sanitary-and-epidemiological inspection (SSEI) was created. The system represents the aggregate of automated working places of RF MD chief state sanitary physician arid specialists from the department of state sanitary-and-epidemiological inspection of the Main Military Medical Headquarters. They interact through communications with working places of specialists from SSEI Main Center, chief state sanitary physicians from the Armed Forces, military districts (fleets) and RFAF CSSEI. The special software provides automation of the following technological processes: operative sanitary-and epidemiological and epidemiological monitoring; the epidemiological analysis of infectious diseases; the evaluation of quality and efficiency of sanitary-and epidemiological work. At present the complex works in the regime of experimental exploitation when the adjustment of communications and special software is performed.

[Epidemiologic analysis of non-hospital pneumonia incidence in the troops]. / Epidemiologicheskii analiz zabolevaemosti vnebol'nichnoi pnevmoniei v voiskakh.

The analysis of dynamics of pneumonia incidence in servicemen for 50 years and 1 year was conducted. The risk factors of pneumonia development in the troops were studied. Some of them decrease the body immunoresistance (supercooling, acute respiratory disease, adaptation to the service and new climatic-and-geographic conditions, stress, body mass deficiency, etc.). The others activate the mechanism of pneumonia agent transmission ("mixing" factor during the fresh forces admission, overcrowding, many people in the sleeping rooms, etc.). To prevent the pneumonia incidence in military collectives the prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures should reduce the influence of these factors.

[The prophylaxis of nonhospital pneumonia using 23-valent pneumococcus vaccine in the military collectives]. / Profilaktika vnebol'nichnoi pnevmonii v voinskikh kollektivakh 23-valentnoi pnevmokokkovoi vaktsinoi.

Basing on the results obtained during the study of risk factor effect and extra-hospital pneumonia (EHP) etiology in servicemen in order to prevent this nosologic form the complex of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures was developed. The effective measure of EHP pneumonia prophylaxis in military collectives proved to be the polysaccharide 23-valent pneumococcus vaccine "Pneumo-23". After immunization of about 14 000 servicemen on the average EHP incidence has 3 times decreased with vaccine efficiency coefficient up to 74.23%. The more considerable decrease in EHP incidence was observed during the combined use of pneumococcus and influenzal vaccines: the efficiency was 78.5%.

[Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in military units]. / Effektivnost' primeneniia pnevmokokkovoi vaktsiny v voinskikh kollektivakh.

Pneumococcal vaccine Pneumo-23, used for specific prophylaxis of pneumonia and other pneumococcal infections, was tested in military training units of the North Western, Central and Far Eastern Military Districts. The vaccine used for immunization of servicemen, was shown to have high immunogenicity with no adverse reactions. In the training group of the North Western Military District the epidemiological effectiveness of the vaccine was particularly high a month after immunization and amounted to 83.7%. During the period between month 2 and month 5 after immunization pneumonia morbidity among the immunized servicemen was 6.12 times lower than among the non-immunized ones. In the training units of the Central and Far Eastern Military Districts, where the period of the formation of postvaccinal immunity coincided with the peak of the outbreak of pneumonia, the protective properties of the used batches of the vaccine could be observed as early as during the first month after immunization, which made it possible to recommend this vaccine for urgent prophylaxis in the foci of pneumococcal infection. During the period of 5 months the effectiveness of the vaccine with respect to pneumonia was 62.1-66.2% for all three districts. The effectiveness of the combined immunization of conscripts with vaccines Pneumo-23 and Vaxigrip with respect to pneumonia was higher (78.54%) and the index of effectiveness (4.66) was 1.58 fold greater than in monoimmunization (2.95). The epidemiological effectiveness of the pneumococcal vaccine was high also with respect to other pneumococcal infections: acute bronchitis, acute respiratory diseases of pneumococcal etiology, cases of acute sinusitis and acute otitis. The use of the vaccine for the immunization of servicemen yielded the economic effect equal to 92 US dollars per person.

[Vaccinal prophylaxis of hepatitis A in servicemen of the Far East military district]. / Vaktsinoprofilaktika virusnogo gepatita A u voennosluzhashchikh Dal'nevostochnogo regiona.

The importance of hepatitis A (HA) for epidemiological situations among the servicemen of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, including the Far Eastern Military District, and the necessity of vaccinal prophylaxis have been substantiated. Vaccination against HA, made in a single injection, was shown to be capable of decreasing morbidity, on the average, 1.98 times. The epidemiological effectiveness of vaccine "Avaxim" proved to be 89.6%. The results obtained in this investigation are indicative of the expediency of vaccination not only for prophylactic purposes, but also for localization and liquidation of epidemic foci of HA.