Subject(s)
Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage , Dysentery, Bacillary/prevention & control , Immunization Schedule , Immunization, Secondary , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Adult , Bicarbonates/therapeutic use , Child , Dysentery, Bacillary/epidemiology , Feces/microbiology , Humans , Mutation , Shigella flexneri/immunology , Shigella flexneri/metabolism , Shigella sonnei/immunology , Shigella sonnei/metabolism , Streptomycin/metabolism , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , YugoslaviaSubject(s)
Salmonella typhi/immunology , Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines , Vaccines, Attenuated , Administration, Oral , Adolescent , Adult , Agglutinins/analysis , Animals , Antibody Formation , Bicarbonates/administration & dosage , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Feces/microbiology , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Mutation , Placebos , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhi/metabolism , Streptomycin/metabolism , Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/administration & dosage , Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects , YugoslaviaABSTRACT
Streptomycin-dependent Salmonella typhi containing O and H antigens was administered as a live oral antityphoid vaccine to chimpanzees. Five animals served as controls; 5 others received the vaccine 4 times at 3-day intervals; 4 further animals were given 4 doses of vaccine at 3-day intervals together with streptomycin; and 1 animal received the 4 doses of vaccine and a daily dose of streptomycin. The individual vaccine doses varied between 36x10(9) and 82x10(9) organisms, totalling about 258x10(9)Salm. typhi per animal. The chimpanzees were challenged with 26x10(9) cells of the virulent Salm. typhi Ty2 strain 10 days after immunization and followed up bacteriologically, serologically and clinically. It was observed that after this very heavy challenge the immunized animals that had received streptomycin with the vaccine were protected to some degree against the infection and showed fewer symptoms. The animal that received vaccine and streptomycin daily did not develop the disease.The authors point out that, while the strain used may have potential usefulness for the protection of man, further studies are needed to confirm the innocuity of the vaccine, to reduce the strain's reversion to streptomycin-independence, and to determine the relative effectiveness of different immunization dosages and schedules.
Subject(s)
Typhoid Fever/immunology , Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Animals , Hominidae , Immunization Schedule , Streptomycin/administration & dosage , gamma-Globulins/analysisABSTRACT
In earlier studies in man it has been demonstrated that streptomycin-dependent shigellae, if given orally in 5 sufficiently large doses, confer a very high type-specific protection against bacillary dysentery.In the present study, 2 groups of Erythrocebus patas monkeys were immunized with live streptomycin-dependent Shigella flexneri 2a, and a third group was not vaccinated. One of the vaccinated groups was given streptomycin with each dose of the live vaccine. The animals that received streptomycin with the vaccine were shedding these organisms in their faeces for a significantly longer period than the animals that did not receive streptomycin. A week after the last dose of vaccine, the animals were challenged with virulent Sh. flexneri 2a organisms. All the control animals developed diarrhoea and excreted challenge organisms for an average of 9 days. None of the 9 immunized animals showed pathological changes nor symptoms of dysentery. On average, they excreted challenge organisms for only 2.3 days.Immunological tests confirmed the immunity of the vaccinated animals.This study shows that 3 doses of live oral streptomycin-dependent Shigella vaccine given together with streptomycin are at least as effective as immunization with 5 doses of the same vaccine without streptomycin. Oral application of streptomycin, therefore, seems to have had an enhancing effect on the immunizing property of live oral streptomycin-dependent enteric vaccines.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage , Dysentery, Bacillary/immunology , Streptomycin/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Animals , Haplorhini , VaccinationABSTRACT
Results of tests made in 1964 confirm the previous findings that live oral vaccine, prepared from streptomycin-dependent strains of shigellae, confers a strong, type-specific protection against acute bacillary dysentery. This vaccine did not reduce the carrier rate of shigellae. Observations on soldiers treated with a vaccine of Shigella flexneri serotypes 2a and 3 combined revealed no antagonizing effects from the type 3 component upon the protective effect of the 2a component contained in the same vaccine.