ABSTRACT
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic substances which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their highly hydrophobic nature. Soils contaminated with PAHs pose potential risks to human and ecological health, therefore concern over their adverse effects have resulted in extensive studies on their removal from contaminated soils. The main purpose of this study was to compare experimental results of PAHs removal, from a natural certified soil polluted with PAHs, by biological methods (using bioaugmentation and biostimulation in a solid-state culture) with those from supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using supercritical ethane as solvent. The comparison of results between the two methods showed that maximal removal of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and chrysene was performed using bioremediation; however, for the rest of the PAHs considered (fluoranthene, pyrene, and benz(a)anthracene) SFE resulted more efficient. Although bioremediation achieved higher removal ratios for certain hydrocarbons and takes advantage of the increased rate of natural biological processes, it takes longer time (i.e. 36 d vs. half an hour) than SFE and it is best for 2-3 PAHs rings.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid , Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/chemistry , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/metabolism , Soil , Soil Pollutants/chemistry , Soil Pollutants/metabolismABSTRACT
Phenanthrene removal by Penicillium frequentans was compared under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions in a solid culture amended with low quantities of an agricultural residue. An inoculum of P. frequentans grown on sugarcane bagasse pith was mixed with soil spiked with 200 mg l(-1) of phenanthrene, to obtain a final bagasse/soil ratio of 1:16. The C/N ratio was adjusted to 60 and the moisture content to 40%. The oxygen concentrations were adjusted to 20%, 10%, 5%, 2% and close to 0%, in the soil-gas phase for each treatment. There were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in the metabolic activity at different oxygen concentrations, measured as CO2 production. Phenanthrene removal rates increased with oxygen concentration, reaching 52% removal after 17 days of incubation for the treatment with 20% O2. Nevertheless, oxygen-limited (microaerophilic) conditions did not preclude phenanthrene degradation.
