Lead Extraction and Baffle Stenting in a Patient with Transposition of the Great Arteries.

This case report discusses a 42-year-old male with dextro-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) status post Mustard repair and sick sinus syndrome status post dual-chamber pacemaker implant, who developed symptomatic superior vena cava (SVC) baffle stenosis. He was treated with a combined pacemaker extraction and subsequent SVC baffle stenting. The case highlights the complexities of treating SVC baffle stenosis in the presence of cardiac implantable devices and demonstrates the efficacy of this combined approach. Furthermore, the authors delve into the intricacies of D-TGA, its surgical history, and the long-term complications associated with atrial switch procedures.

Cardiac implantable electronic device-induced tricuspid regurgitation: Implications and management.

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) secondary to cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has been well documented and is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed including lead-induced mechanical disruption of the tricuspid valvular or subvalvular apparatus and pacing-induced electrical dyssynchrony. Patient characteristics such as age, sex, baseline atrial fibrillation, and pre-existing TR have not been consistent predictors of CIED-induced TR. While two-dimensional echocardiography is helpful in assessing the severity of TR, three-dimensional echocardiography has significantly improved accuracy in identifying the etiology of TR and whether lead position contributes to TR. Three-dimensional echocardiography may therefore play a future role in optimizing lead positioning during implant to reduce the risk of CIED-induced TR. Optimal lead management strategies in addition to percutaneous interventions and surgery in alleviating TR are very important.

Predictors of cardiovascular implantable electronic device dependence at long-term follow-up after alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients.

BACKGROUND: The most common complication of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) is transient periprocedural high-grade AV block (HGAVB). To date, no long-term follow-up of cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) utilization after ASA has been reported. We hypothesized that CIED dependence on long-term follow-up can be predicted by ECG or procedural characteristics. METHODS: We analyzed all patients with HCM who underwent ASA from December 1998 to December 2019 and received their first CIED within 30 days after ASA for HGAVB. All follow-up interrogations were reviewed. CIED dependence was defined as ventricular pacing of ≥ 5%. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients with HCM underwent ASA. Of these, 35 had a prior device and were excluded. Of the remaining 103 patients, 25 patients received a CIED for HGAVB within 30 days after ASA. Average follow-up duration was 10.1 years. On long-term follow-up, 16 patients (64%) were found to be CIED-dependent. Baseline characteristics, including pre- and post-ASA ECG, were not significantly different between dependent and non-dependent patients. The only predictor for CIED dependence was > 1 ml of alcohol injected (OR 6.0, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: CIED implantation after ASA is common. Almost two thirds of patients who received a CIED for post-procedural HGAVB were CIED-dependent on long-term follow-up. CIED dependence can be predicted by the amount of injected alcohol > 1 ml.

Real-World Disparities in Remote Follow-Up of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Experience.

Background Remote monitoring (RM) of cardiac implantable electronic devices has been shown to improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To date, no studies have investigated disparities in use and delivery of RM. This study was performed to investigate if racial and socioeconomic disparities are present in cardiac implantable electronic device RM. Methods and Results This was a retrospective observational cohort study at a single tertiary care center in the United States. Patients who received a newly implanted cardiac implantable electronic device or device upgrade between January 2017 and December 2020 were included. Patients were classified as RM positive (RM+) when they underwent at least ≥2 remote interrogations per year during follow-up. Of all eligible patients, 2520 patients were included, and 34% were women. The mean follow-up was 25 months. Mean age was 71±14 years. Pacemakers constituted 66% of implanted devices, whereas 26% were implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and 8% were cardiac resynchronization therapy with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Most patients (83%) were of European American ancestry. During follow-up, 66% of patients were classified as RM+. Patients who were younger, European American, college-educated, lived in a county with higher median household income, and were active on the hospital's patient portals were more frequently RM+. In an adjusted regression model, RM+ remained associated with the use of the online patient portal (odds ratio [OR], 2.889 [95% CI, 2.387-3.497]), presence of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (OR, 1.489 [95% CI, 1.207-1.835]), advanced college degree (OR, 1.244 [95% CI, 1.014-1.527]), and lastly with European American ancestry (P<0.05). During the years of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of RM+ patients increased, whereas the association with ancestry and ethnicity decreased. Conclusions Despite being offered to all patients at implantation, significant disparities were present in cardiovascular implantable electronic device RM in this cohort. Disparities were partly reversed during COVID-19. Further studies are needed to examine health center- and patient-specific factors to overcome these barriers, and to facilitate equal opportunities to participate in RM.

Short- and Long-Term Risk of Lead Dislodgement Events: Real-World Experience From Product Surveillance Registry.

BACKGROUND: Lead dislodgement (LD) has been one of the most common early complications after cardiovascular implantable electronic device implant. However, limited data are available on the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of LD events. The aim of this study was to examine the risk factors, clinical significance, and management strategies of LD events after cardiovascular implantable electronic device implant. METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort analysis of 20 683 patients who underwent cardiovascular implantable electronic device implant between January 1, 2010 and January 31, 2020 in Medtronic's Product Surveillance Registry, with a mean follow-up time of 3.3±2.5 SD years. The study population was divided into 2 groups: group A with LD events (N=350) and group B without LD events (N=20 333). RESULTS: During this period, 350 patients (1.69%) had LD events involving 371 leads (0.95%), among a total of 39 060 leads implanted. Passive fixation type (right atrium pacing lead, P=0.041), lower sensing amplitude (right ventricle defibrillating lead, P=0.020), and lower lead impedance at implant (right atrium pacing lead, P=0.009) were associated with increased LD risk. Multivariate analysis showed female sex (hazard ratio, 1.520, P=0.008) and higher body mass index (hazard ratio, 1.012, P=0.001) were independently associated with increased risk of LD events. LD events were not associated with significant changes in the long-term risks of cardiac and overall mortality. In group A, repositioning the dislodged leads increased the risk of a second LD event compared with implanting new leads (P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Female sex and higher body mass index were associated with higher risk of LD events in the Product Surveillance Registry. Among patients with dislodged leads, implanting new leads was associated with lower risk of future LD events. Further studies on how to reduce LD risk and to improve management of these events are needed. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT01524276.

Determinants of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a well-established treatment modality for ambulatory patients with heart failure (HF) who have prolonged QRS, left bundle branch block, reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, and New York Heart Association class II-IV. CRT has been shown to induce reverse LV remodeling and improve HF symptoms and clinical outcomes. About one-third of CRT recipients are considered non-responders. Patient selection, LV lead location, LV lead selection, multipoint pacing, and optimization of the atrioventricular and ventriculo-ventricular intervals were all shown to be associated with a better CRT response rate. Herein, we review the determinants of CRT response.

Novel Use of a Rotating Mechanical Dilator Sheath for S-ICD Lead Extraction.

A 53-year-old man with a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) presented with inappropriate shocks. He underwent device extraction, and the lead was freed using a rotating mechanical dilator sheath. As patients with S-ICDs get older, extractions will become more complicated and more common. We have described a novel method of S-ICD lead extraction. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Comparison between TightRail rotating dilator sheath and GlideLight laser sheath for transvenous lead extraction.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the comparative analyses of TightRail rotating dilator sheath (Philips) and laser sheath for lead extraction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the TightRail sheath as a primary or secondary tool for transvenous lead extraction (TLE). METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis of 202 consecutive patients who underwent TLE using either TightRail sheath and/or GlideLight laser sheath (Philips) in our hospital. The study population was divided into three groups: Group A underwent TLE with laser sheath only (N = 157), Group B with TightRail sheath only (N = 22), and Group C with both sheaths (N = 23). RESULTS: During this period, 375 leads in 202 patients were extracted, including 297 leads extracted by laser sheath alone, 45 leads by TightRail sheath alone, and 33 by both TightRail sheath and laser sheaths. The most common indications included device infection (44.6%) and lead-related complications (44.1%). The median age of leads was 8.9 years. TightRail sheath (Group B) achieved similar efficacy as a primary extraction tool compared with laser sheath (Group A), with complete procedure success rate of 93.3% (vs. 96.6%, P = .263) and clinical success rate of 100.0% (vs. 98.1%, P = .513). Among 32 leads in which Tightrail was used after laser had failed (Group C), the complete procedure success rate was 75.8%. No significant difference in procedural adverse events was observed. CONCLUSION: Our single-center experience confirms that the TightRail system is an effective first-line and second-line method for TLE. Further investigation is required to guide the selection of mechanical and laser sheaths in lead extraction cases.

Management of patients with interrupted inferior vena cava requiring electrophysiology procedures.

BACKGROUND: Interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare venous anomaly that complicates the treatment of patients who require electrophysiology (EP) procedures. METHODS: We describe five consecutive cases of patients with interrupted IVC who presented to the EP laboratory requiring interventional procedures including catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia and left atrial appendage closure. All cases were successfully completed utilizing a variety of approaches to vascular access including transseptal puncture via transhepatic and internal jugular approaches. CONCLUSION: Procedures in the EP lab can be performed successfully in patients with interrupted IVC.

MRI Safety for Patients Implanted With the MRI Ready ICD System: MRI Ready Study Results.

OBJECTIVES: A prospective, multicenter study was performed to assess the safety and efficacy of the Durata and Optisure HV leads and the Ellipse VR implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) (St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, California) in a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment. The primary safety objective was >90% freedom from MRI scan-related complications. The primary efficacy objectives were absence of change in capture threshold and absence of decrease of sensing amplitude from pre-MRI examination to 1 month after MRI. BACKGROUND: MRI scanning of patients has been shown to be safe in patients with magnetic resonance-conditional implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) systems. METHODS: Patients with a previously implanted magnetic resonance-conditional system underwent a nondiagnostic MRI scan. After the scan, a questionnaire was given to investigators and patients who returned for 1-month follow-up examination. A subset of patients underwent ventricular tachyarrhythmia or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) induction testing after the MRI to evaluate defibrillation function. RESULTS: There were 220 patients (81% male; 62.1 ± 11.2 years of age) enrolled who received an MRI scans from 29 centers. All primary safety and efficacy endpoints were met (p < 0.0001). No significant detection delays were found in 34 patients who had VT/VF episodes after the MRI scan was performed. Most physicians reported easy and acceptable programming and ease of MRI scheduling. CONCLUSIONS: The MRI Ready MRI-conditional ICD system is safe, and electrical performance was not affected in patients receiving a 1.5-T whole-body MRI scan. Investigators reported favorable collaboration between cardiologists and radiologists in the MRI Ready IDE clinical trial. (A Clinical Evaluation of the Durata or Optisure High Voltage Leads and Ellipse VR ICD Undergoing MRI, an IDE Study [MRI Ready IDE]; NCT02787291).

The management of cardiac implantable electronic device lead perforations: a multicentre study.

AIMS: Lead perforation is a rare, well-known complication of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implants, whose management is mostly not evidence-based. Main management strategies include conservative approach based on clinical and lead function follow-up vs. routine invasive lead revision approach. This study compared the complications of both strategies by composite endpoint, including recurrent perforation-related symptoms, recurrent pericardial effusion (PEf), lead dysfunction, and device infection during 12 month follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: Multicentre retrospective analysis, inquiring data from imaging studies, device interrogation, pericardiocentesis, and clinical charts of patients with suspected perforating leads between 2007 and 2014 in five hospitals. All cases were reviewed by electrophysiologist and defined as definite perforations by suggestive symptoms along with lead perforation on imaging, bloody PEf on pericardiocentesis shortly after implant, or right ventricular (RV) lead non-capture along with diaphragmatic stimulation upon bipolar pacing. Clinical outcomes associated with both management approaches were compared, with respect to the composite endpoint. The study included 48 definitive perforation cases: 22 managed conservatively and 26 via lead revision. Conservative management was associated with an increased composite endpoint compared with lead revision (8/22 vs. 1/26; P = 0.007). The dominant complication among the conservative cohort was appearance of cardiac tamponade during follow-up; 5/6 occurring in cases which presented with no or only mild PEf and were treated by antiplatelets/coagulants during or shortly after CIED implantation. CONCLUSION: A conservative management of CIED lead perforation is associated with increased complications compared with early lead revision. Lead revision may be the preferred management particularly in patients receiving antiplatelets/coagulants.

Explanting Chronic Coronary Sinus Leads.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become the gold standard for patients with systolic left ventricular function, left ventricular ejection fraction less than or equal to 35%, wide complex QRS, and symptomatic heart failure. Annual implantation volume has steadily increased because of expanding indications for CRT. Improved survival resulted in many of these patients having their CRT devices for many years and eventually requiring an increased number of device-related procedures, including coronary sinus lead revisions and replacements following a coronary sinus lead extraction.

Intermittent anticoagulation guided by continuous atrial fibrillation burden monitoring using dual-chamber pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: Results from the Tailored Anticoagulation for Non-Continuous Atrial Fibrillation (TACTIC-AF) pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic anticoagulation is recommended for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with thromboembolic risk factors regardless of AF duration/frequency. Continuous rhythm assessment with pacemakers (PMs)/implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may allow anticoagulation only around AF episodes, reducing bleeding without increasing thromboembolic risk. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility/safety of intermittent DOAC use guided by continuous remote AF monitoring via dual-chamber PMs or ICDs. METHODS: Patients with nonpermanent AF, current DOAC use, CHADS2 score ≤3, a St. Jude Medical dual-chamber PM or ICD, and rare AF episodes were followed with biweekly and AF-alert based remote transmissions. Patients free of AF episodes lasting ≥6 minutes with a total AF burden <6 hours/day for 30 consecutive days discontinued DOAC. If AF burden surpassed these limits, DOAC was restarted and/or continued. Total days on DOAC and adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: Among 48 patients (mean age 71.3 years; 65% male; 79% paroxysmal AF; 87% CHADS2 score 1-2), 14,826 days of monitoring were completed. Patients used DOACs for 3763 days, representing a 74.6% reduction in anticoagulation time compared to chronic administration. Adverse events included 2 gastrointestinal bleeds (both on DOAC), 1 fatal intracerebral bleed (off DOAC), and no thromboembolic/stroke events. CONCLUSION: Among patients with rare AF episodes and low-to-moderate stroke risk, PM/ICD-guided DOAC administration is feasible and decreased anticoagulation utilization by 75%. Few adverse events occurred, although the study was not powered to assess these outcomes. PM/ICD-guided DOAC administration may prove a viable alternative to chronic anticoagulation. Future studies are warranted.

Federated learning of predictive models from federated Electronic Health Records.

BACKGROUND: In an era of "big data," computationally efficient and privacy-aware solutions for large-scale machine learning problems become crucial, especially in the healthcare domain, where large amounts of data are stored in different locations and owned by different entities. Past research has been focused on centralized algorithms, which assume the existence of a central data repository (database) which stores and can process the data from all participants. Such an architecture, however, can be impractical when data are not centrally located, it does not scale well to very large datasets, and introduces single-point of failure risks which could compromise the integrity and privacy of the data. Given scores of data widely spread across hospitals/individuals, a decentralized computationally scalable methodology is very much in need. OBJECTIVE: We aim at solving a binary supervised classification problem to predict hospitalizations for cardiac events using a distributed algorithm. We seek to develop a general decentralized optimization framework enabling multiple data holders to collaborate and converge to a common predictive model, without explicitly exchanging raw data. METHODS: We focus on the soft-margin l1-regularized sparse Support Vector Machine (sSVM) classifier. We develop an iterative cluster Primal Dual Splitting (cPDS) algorithm for solving the large-scale sSVM problem in a decentralized fashion. Such a distributed learning scheme is relevant for multi-institutional collaborations or peer-to-peer applications, allowing the data holders to collaborate, while keeping every participant's data private. RESULTS: We test cPDS on the problem of predicting hospitalizations due to heart diseases within a calendar year based on information in the patients Electronic Health Records prior to that year. cPDS converges faster than centralized methods at the cost of some communication between agents. It also converges faster and with less communication overhead compared to an alternative distributed algorithm. In both cases, it achieves similar prediction accuracy measured by the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of the classifier. We extract important features discovered by the algorithm that are predictive of future hospitalizations, thus providing a way to interpret the classification results and inform prevention efforts.

Novel Pacing Strategies for Heart Failure Management.

OPINION STATEMENT: Cardiac resynchronization therapy has emerged as the gold standard for heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and electrical dyssynchrony from an intrinsic intraventricular conduction delay or right ventricular pacing. However, the limits imposed by the coronary sinus venous anatomy restrict the applicability of the technology for many potential recipients. Furthermore, conventional resynchronization, by virtue of utilizing a single site of epicardial origin for left ventricular activation, is non-physiological. Several technologies on the horizon, including multisite pacing, left ventricular endocardial, and leadless devices, and direct His-bundle pacing are aimed at improving the response rate of cardiac resynchronization and extending candidacy to patients ineligible for conventional therapy. In this review, we discuss the limitations of the present technology and the role for these new therapies.