ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important morbidity and mortality cause all over the world. Although specific gene region has not been defined in the pathogenesis of COPD, cytokine gene polymorphisms like tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1) may contribute to the development of COPD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations between airway resistance with TGF-ß1 G/A and TNF-α 308 G/A gene polymorphisms in COPD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 264 subjects were included to the study (Group 1; 75 COPD patients, Group 2; 139 subjects with at least 10 packet year smoking history without airflow obstruction, Group 3; 50 healthy subjects). Pulmonary function tests and body plethysmography to measure airway resistance were performed to the subjects. TGF-ß1 800 G/A and TNF-α 308 G/A gene polymorphisms were evaluated. Chi-square, Anova and correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were significant difference among COPD stages in terms of TNF-α 308 G/A polymorphism (p< 0.05). Thirteen (23.6%) stage 1 COPD patients had TNF-α 308 G/A polymorphism and the other did not have. We did not find statistically significant difference among COPD stages in terms of TGF-ß1 800 G/A polymorphism (p> 0.05). TNF-α and TGF-ß1 genotypes and TNF-a 308 G/A and TGF-ß1 800 G/A polymorphisms were not different among study groups. Moreover, no significant differences betweeen subjects with and without increased airway resistance in terms of TNF-α 308 G/A and TGF-ß1 800 G/A polymorphisms were present. CONCLUSION: These results can suggest the lack of association between TNF-α 308 G/A and TGF-ß1 800 G/A gene polymorphisms with COPD development and airway resistance in Turkish population.
Subject(s)
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Aged , Airway Resistance/genetics , Analysis of Variance , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetic Association Studies , Genotype , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , TurkeyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The present study was designed to evaluate inhaler techniques and patient satisfaction with fixed-combination budesonide/formoterol dry-powder inhaler chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Turkey in real-life clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 442 patients with COPD [mean (SD) age: 63.2 (10.6) years, 76.5% were males] were included in this cross-sectional study conducted at 25 outpatient clinics across Turkey. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, characteristics of COPD, inhaler technique and satisfaction with dry-powder inhaler were recorded at a single crosssectional visit performed at the study enrolment. RESULTS: Patients were characterized by prominence of moderate to severe (78.1%) COPD, high rate of regular use of overall COPD medications (89.4%) and Turbuhaler® for an average of 33.7 months, predominance of males (76.5%), primary education (85.7%), urban location (68.3), ex-smokers (61.1%) and spending time outdoors for ≥ 4 hour/day (62.0%). Use of correct techniques was evident in majority of patients (≥ 94%), whereas inhalation maneuvers including breathing out gently away from mouthpiece without blowing into it (71.9%) and holding the breath for 5-10 seconds (78.3%) were performed correctly by lesser percent of patients especially in the older group (≥ 65 years, p< 0.05). Overall percent of patients with the feeling that she/he used the inhaler very/fairly correctly was 73.3%, while 86% of patients identified that they were very/fairly satisfied with the inhaler, irrespective of age and educational status. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our findings revealed the majority of patients are able to use Turbuhaler® correctly regardless of the educational status, while older age was associated with higher rate of errors in inhalation maneuvers in the real clinical practice in Turkey. Majority of our patients identified Turbuhaler® to be very/fairly convenient regarding ease of use, portability, and usability with an overall self-confidence in using the inhaler correctly among 73% and the satisfaction rate of 86%; irrespective of age and educational level.
