[Use of Fundamental Properties of Embryonic Objects for Studying Potential Environmental Effects of Technogenic Impacts].

This article analyzes the problems of biosafety in terms of individual development patterns. Previously, the key role of epigenetic free radical processes in normal embryonic development of lower vertebrates in the formation of the competence and determination of embryonic primordia has been demonstrated, and a significant increase in the intensity of free radical process before every qualitative change in homeostatic mechanisms in developing organisms was found: in induction systems, before hatching of the embryo from the shells, and in preparation for metamorphosis. Thus, the activation of free radical processes in embryonic primordia corresponds to instability and characterizes the "critical periods of development" and increased sensitivity of the embryo to environmental impacts. Patented methods and a test system that allows detecting early biological effects of weak environmental impacts and predicting their environmental risk are presented. Possible mechanisms of significant biological effects of weak radiation and chemical impacts on the developing organism are discussed. The necessity of including embryonic objects in the protocol of testing the biosafety of technological developments is substantiated.

[Free-radical reactions in Daphnia after low doses of γ-irradiation in vivo].

A violation of free-radical reactions has been found by the method of free-radical copolymerization in the two groups of Daphnia magna exposed to 100 and 1000 mGy of gamma-rays and their non-exposed first generation progeny. The method is based on a quantitative radiometric registration of the polymerization process that develops in the cells of a multicellular organism in tissue in proportion to the existing number of free radicals. The fact of the increased level of free radicals may be indicative of the hereditary transgenerational effect and the cause of lower survival of Daphnia in both generations. However, the effect of a reduced survival rate does not persist in the second generation, which can be explained by the effect of radiation on the embryos of the first generation after acute irradiation of parents.

[On some features of embryonic development and metamorphosis of Aurelia aurita (Cindaria, Scyphozoa)].

Aurelia aurita is a cosmopolite species of scyphomedusae. Its major structural patterns and life cycle are well investigated. This work provides a detailed study on development and structure of the planula in A. aurita until it completes its metamorphosis. Lifetime observations and histological study performed during the settlement and metamorphosis of the planulae demonstrated that the inner manibrium linen of primary polyp (gastroderm) develops from the ectoderm of the planula posterior end. The spatial and temporal dynamics of serotonergic cells from the early embryonic stages until the formation of the primary polyp were studied for the first time. In addition, the distribution oftyrosinated tubulin and neuropeptide RFamide at different stages ofA. aurita development were studied.

[The evaluation of the embryotoxicity of the aqueous environment]. / Otsenka émbriotoksichnosti vodnoi sredy.

A highly sensitive express method has been proposed for assessment of embryotoxicity of the aqueous medium under the conditions of anthropogenic pollution. Amphibian embryos were used as test objects for estimating the level of free radical processes during adaptation stress. The method can be used under the field conditions and is proposed as a part of ecological monitoring of natural waters.

[The therapeutic efficacy of transfusions of erythrocyte mass in anemia in patients with internal diseases]. / Lechebnaia éffektivnost' transfuzii éritrotsitarnoi massy pri anemii u bol'nykh s zabolevaniiami vnutrennikh organov.

The results of the overtime combined clinico-laboratory investigations have evidenced a high medical effectiveness of red blood cell pack transfusions in the treatment of anemia in patients with varying diseases of internal organs.

[Blood components, preparations and blood substitutes in the emergency therapy of patients with liver cirrhosis]. / Komponenty, preparaty krovi i krovezameniteli v neotlozhnoi terapii bol'nykh tsirrozom pecheni.

Therapeutic action of blood components, preparations and substitutes was studied in liver cirrhosis patients with deep anemia, marked hemorrhagic complications, endogenous toxicosis, protein insufficiency and rheological disorders. A high efficacy of different media was shown in urgent therapy of liver cirrhosis patients. A choice of drugs was determined by the patients' initial status and specificities of purpose-oriented action of modern transfusion and infusion media.

[Free radical processes in the embryogenesis of Anura]. / Svobodnoradikal'nye protsessy v embriogeneze Anura

The localization of free radical processes and changes in their level during the common frog development have been studied by means of grafted copolymerisation and autoradiography. The maps of distribution of relative concentrations of free radicals were obtained for the beginning of cleavage, blastula, gastrula and neurula. The distinct regionalization was found in the beginning of cleavage: the concentration of the free radicals in the cortical layer and dorsal half of embryo is lower than in the central area and ventral half, resp. At the early blastula stage this regionalization is preserved in its general features. The region of embryo characterized by active free radical processes corresponds to the presumptive endo- and mesoderm in the period of inductive interaction. The possible participation of regional changes in oxidative metabolism in the fertilized egg in the determination of cytoplasmic localization of morphogenetic potencies is discussed. At the later stages there were variations observed in free radicals concentration, which are discussed as being related to the determination and morphogenesis of some rudiments of embryo. A local rise of free radicals concentration was also found out in the eye rudiment just before the onset of its components differentiation.