Oncologic Imaging in Patients Undergoing Breast Reduction.

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The Diagnosis and Treatment of Joplin's Neuroma.

Joplin's neuroma is a rare perineurial fibrosis of the medial plantar digital proper nerve arising from various etiologies but most commonly after bunion surgery. Treatment for this painful great toe problem remains controversial. It is our purpose to describe our experience with this chronic pain problem, considering it to be a neuroma requiring resection. A retrospective medical record review of 8 patients with medial hallux pain related to the digital nerve was performed. Each patient had failed to respond to >6 months of nonoperative therapy. At surgery, the medial digital nerve to the hallux was identified distally, the neuroma was resected distally, and the proximal end of the nerve was implanted into the arch of the foot in 7 (87.5%) of the 8 patients. At a mean follow-up of 25 (range 13 to 43) months, 6 results (75%) were excellent, 1 (12.5%) was good, and 1 (12.5%) was fair. The 1 fair result was in the only patient in whom the distal end of the divided nerve was not implanted proximally, according to the patient's request. In conclusion, surgical resection of the medial plantar nerve to the hallux with implantation of the proximal end of the nerve into the arch of the foot, can be expected to result in good to excellent relief of pain in 80% of the patients.

The Positive Effect of Neurolysis on Diabetic Patients with Compressed Nerves of the Lower Extremities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite proven benefits of upper extremity nerve decompression in diabetics, neurolysis for diabetic patients with lower extremity (LE) nerve compression remains controversial. METHODS: A search of ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane clinical trials registries, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar from 1962 to 2012, yielded 1956 citations. Any potential randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials and observational cohort studies of diabetics with neurolysis of the common peroneal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, or tibial nerve were assessed. We included articles in any language that 1) provided information about diabetic patients who had neurolysis for symptomatic nerve compression diagnosed by (+) Tinel sign or electrodiagnostic study, and 2) quantified outcomes for pain, sensibility, or ulcerations/amputations. Case reports, review articles, animal or cadaver studies, and studies with <10 patients were excluded. We assessed pain relief, recovery of sensibility, and postoperative incidence of ulcerations/amputations at follow-up >3 months. A meta-analysis of descriptive statistics was performed. RESULTS: Ten clinical series with a mean clinical relevance score of 70% and a mean methodologic quality score of 50% met inclusion criteria. We included 875 diabetic patients and 1053 LEs. Pain relief >3 points on visual analog scale occurred in 91% of patients; sensibility improved in 69%. Postoperative ulceration/amputation incidence was significantly reduced compared to preoperative incidence (odds ratio = 0.066, 95% confidence interval = 0.026-0.164, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Observational data suggest that neurolysis significantly improves outcomes for diabetic patients with compressed nerves of the LE. No randomized controlled trials have been published.

Comparison of native porcine skin and a dermal substitute using tensiometry and digital image speckle correlation.

Dermal substitutes are currently used in plastic surgery to cover various soft tissue defects caused by trauma, burns, or ablative cancer surgery. Little information is available on the biomechanical properties of these dermal substitutes after adequate incorporation as compared to normal skin. Determining parameters such as tensile strength in these skin substitutes will help us further understand their wound healing properties and potential in developing artificial tissue constructs. We hypothesize that a dermal substitute has a lower stress-strain curve and altered stress-induced deformation quantified with tensiometry and digital image speckle correlation (DISC) analysis. Two separate 5×10-cm full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsum of 3 female swine. Fibrin glue was applied before either a full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) or application of artificial dermal matrix. On day 42, cultured autologous keratinocytes were applied as a cell sheet to the wound covered with Integra. On day 56, the wounds were fully excised and fresh tissue specimens, including normal skin, were stored in a physiological solution and prepared for analysis. Rectangular samples were excised from the center of each specimen measuring 4×4×30 mm. Using a tensiometer and DISC analysis, we evaluated the tensile strength of 3 different groups of skin, namely, normal, FTSG, and Integra. There is a significant difference between the Integra specimen when compared to normal skin and FTSG. We found a minimal difference in the stress-strain curves of the latter two. Integra alone shows plastic deformation with continued stretching before ultimate midline fracture. There is significant change between the Young's moduli of the normal skin and the Integra, whereas there is little difference between the FTSG and the normal skin; DISC confirms this analysis. The normal skin and FTSG show a convergence of vectors to a linear plane, whereas Integra shows very little organization. Using 2 different methods of analysis, we have shown a dermal substitute does not display similar biomechanical properties after adequate incorporation. These major tensile strength differences are shown between normal, grafted, and Integra constructs under physiological conditions. These properties will lead to further understanding of artificial tissue and engineered constructs in laboratory and clinical applications.

Complications from international surgery tourism.

Medical tourism is an increasing trend, particularly in cosmetic surgery. Complications resulting from these procedures can be quite disruptive to the healthcare industry in the United States since patients often seek treatment and have no compensation recourse from insurance. Despite the increasing number of plastic surgery patients seeking procedures abroad, there have been little reported data concerning outcomes, follow-up, or complication rates. Through a survey of American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) members, the authors provide data on trends to help define the scope of the problem.

Rosiglitazone-Mediated Effects on Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Correlate with Improvements in Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals with HIV-Insulin Resistance.

Rosiglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ), improves insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle tissue. This study was undertaken to assess changes in expression of PPAR-regulated genes in muscle tissue following treatment of HIV-associated insulin resistance with rosiglitazone. Muscle gene expression was assessed in twenty-two seronegative HIV subjects (control), 21 HIV-infected individuals with normal insulin sensitivity (HIV-IS) and 19 HIV-infected individuals with insulin resistance (HIV-IR). A subset of the HIV-IR group (N = 10) were re-evaluated 12 weeks after treatment with 8 mg/d of rosiglitazone. The HIV-IR group's rosiglitazone-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity was highly correlated with increased expression of PPARγ and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1), (r = 0.87, P < .001) and (r = 0.95, P < .001), respectively. The changes in PPARγ expression were also correlated with the changes in CPT1 expression (r = 0.75, P = .009). The results suggest that rosiglitazone; may have a direct effect on muscle tissue to improve insulin sensitivity.

Novel macromolecular crosslinking hydrogel to reduce intra-abdominal adhesions.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the anti-adhesion efficacy of a biodegradable, in situ, macromolecular cross-linking hydrogel made from oxidized dextran/N-carboxyethyl chitosan (Odex/CEC) with a commercially available carboxymethylcellulose/modified hyaluronan barrier film (Seprafilm; Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA) in a rat cecum abrasion model. METHODS: The rat model utilized a cecal abrasion and abdominal wall insult surgical protocol. The 2% Odex/CEC hydrogel treatment was applied by syringe to coat both the cecal and the abdominal wall insults, while other animals were treated with Seprafilm applied to the cecal injury only. Control animals did not receive any treatment. Animals were sacrificed after post operative day 21 and adhesion severity was quantitatively graded using a whole number scale from 0 - 3. Histological analysis was also performed for animals receiving Odex/CEC hydrogel treatment and no treatment (control). RESULTS: Mean adhesion score was 2.09+/-1.22 for control animals, 1.00+/-1.00 for 2% Odex/CEC hydrogel animals, and 1.25+/-1.22 for Seprafilm animals. Hydrogel treated animals showed significantly lower adhesion scores than control animals (P<0.05), while Seprafilm demonstrated a marginally lower adhesion score (P<0.1) compared with the controls. Histological analysis of an Odex/CEC treated rat showed tissue repair and small fragments of hydrogel inside both healed abdominal and cecal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Both Seprafilm and the 2% Odex/CEC hydrogel showed a significantly decreased adhesion score compared with the control. However, the hydrogel, compared with Seprafilm, offers ease of application and ability to conform to complex tissue geometries that could provide surgeons with another prophylactic treatment to prevent abdominal adhesions.

The importance of basic science and clinical research as a selection criterion for general surgery residency programs.

OBJECTIVE: The selection criteria for surgical residents applying for residency differ among programs nationwide. Factors influencing this selection process have not been well defined, and research in particular has not been evaluated fully. This study aimed to evaluate the relative importance of basic science and clinical research in the selection criteria used by program directors (PDs). DESIGN: A web-based survey consisting of 11 questions was sent to PDs using the list server of the Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Respondents were asked to rank selection factors using a 1-to-5 scoring system, with 5 as most important. Their responses were recorded and tabulated. SETTING: University-based teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The survey went to 251 accredited general surgery residency programs in the United States. RESULTS: Overall, 134 (53.3%) of the surveys were returned, representing 61 university-based programs, 57 community-based programs with university affiliation, and 16 community-based programs without university affiliation. In total, 120 PDs (89.5%) considered basic or clinical research almost always or all the time when evaluating applicants to their general surgery program. Another 73 PDs (54.5%) gave basic science and clinical research equal importance. Another 40 PDs (29.9%) rarely or never credited research unless it had been published as an abstract or paper. In ranking research, 11 (8.2%) respondents gave it the 5 score. Most respondents (n = 93; 69.4%) gave it the 3 score. An applicant's interview and interest in surgery were the factors considered most important by 93 (69.4%) and 78 (58.2%), respectively, of the PDs. CONCLUSIONS: Basic science and clinical research constituted an important but secondary criterion for resident selection by PDs into general surgery residency programs. PDs perceived the primary factors for residency selection to be the interview, demonstrated interest in surgery, AOA membership, letters of recommendation, and USMLE Step I scores.

Influence of age on the association of retinol-binding protein 4 with metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The relationships of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) with insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution have been investigated in a few recent studies with conflicting results. This may have been due to differences in ages of the subjects in the different studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the association of RBP4 and insulin sensitivity and percent trunk fat are influenced by age. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Cross-sectional analyses of 48 young subjects and 55 elderly subjects. Insulin sensitivity was determined by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Body fat distribution was determined by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: In the young subjects, RBP4 levels were associated with insulin sensitivity (r = -0.30, P = 0.04), percent trunk fat (r = 0.54, P < 0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.44, P = 0.003), low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.38, P = 0.01). In contrast, in the elderly subjects there was no correlation between RBP4 levels and insulin sensitivity (r = -0.18, P = 0.20), percent trunk fat (r = 0.00, P = 0.10), triglycerides (r = 0.25, P = 0.10), and low-density lipoprotein (r = -0.11, P = 0.47). DISCUSSION: The associations of RBP4 with insulin sensitivity, percent trunk fat, and lipid levels are influenced by age.

Endothelial adhesion molecules are associated with inflammation in subjects with HIV disease.

BACKGROUND: The presence of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease have multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including elevated serum lipid levels, insulin resistance, and elevated levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. This study assessed the variables associated with elevated adhesion molecule levels in this patient population. METHODS: Serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were assessed in 31 subjects without HIV disease and 52 subjects with HIV disease. Pearson correlation indicated a significant relationship between ICAM concentration and other variables, including CD4+ cell count, HIV viral burden, insulin sensitivity, and serum lipid level. Multiple regression modeling was used to determine the strengths of association among the variables. RESULTS: Subjects with HIV disease had elevated levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant associations between ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 level and insulin sensitivity, plasma lipid level, and presence of type 2 soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (sTNFR2). With multiple regression modeling to control for interdependence, only sTNFR2, a marker of inflammation, was an independent predictor of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that many of the variables associated with ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels can be related to their impact on inflammation.

Porcine wound healing in full-thickness skin defects using Integra™ with and without fibrin glue with keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND: An artificial dermal matrix such as Integra (Integra Life Sciences Corporation, USA) provides a wound bed template for vascular and fibrocyte ingrowth as well as collagen remodelling. Dermal repair leads to epidermal and basement membrane regeneration. Burn wounds in particular have been shown to benefit from Integra by enhanced wound healing. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of fibrin glue to modify the integration of Integra in large excised cutaneous wounds. It was hypothesized that applying fibrin glue on a wound bed would reduce the time needed for matrix vascularization and incorporation of Integra and take of the cultured keratinocytes. METHODS: Four separate full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsum of two swine. Wound beds were randomly assigned to either application of fibrin glue or no application of fibrin glue before application of Integra. Full-thickness biopsies were performed at days 7, 14, 21, 29 and 35. On day 21, keratinocytes were applied either as sheets or aerosolized fibrin glue suspension. RESULTS: Histological analysis revealed a wave of inflammatory cells and early granulation tissue ingrowth into the Integra from the fascia below on day 7. Only this initial phase was augmented by application of fibrin glue to the wound bed. By day 14, most and by day 21, all of the Integra thickness was incorporated. Accelerated dermal repair proceeded from the base with new collagen deposition in Integra spaces. There was no evidence of keratinocyte engraftment, although re-epithelialization occurred at wound edges extending onto the incorporated Integra. CONCLUSIONS: It appears there is an acceleration of early phase (day 7 to day 21) dermal incorporation with fibrin glue application to the wound bed, perhaps secondary to increased cellular migration. Day 21 appears to be too early to apply cultured keratinocytes either as sheets or aerosolized suspension.

Limb fat to trunk fat ratio in elderly persons is a strong determinant of insulin resistance and adiponectin levels.

BACKGROUND: Similar to lipodystrophy syndromes, aging results in increased visceral adiposity with loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the extremities. The hypothesis of this study is that the distribution of limb fat to trunk fat (LF/TF) ratio in elderly persons has a stronger correlation than trunk fat alone to insulin resistance and adiponectin levels. METHODS: Thirty-eight elderly participants were divided into an insulin-resistant (IR) group and an insulin-sensitive (IS) group. Limb fat and trunk fat were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Insulin resistance was measured by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the IS and IR groups with respect to body mass index, body fat index, absolute amount of trunk fat, or percent body fat. However, the difference in LF/TF ratio between the IS (1.02 +/- 0.05) and the IR groups (0.77 +/- 0.05) was highly significantly different (p <.001). Insulin resistance had a stronger correlation to the LF/TF ratio (r = 0.61, p <.001) than to absolute trunk fat (r = -0.32, p =.051). Adiponectin levels had a strong association with the LF/TF ratio (r = 0.63, p <.001), but did not correlate to absolute trunk fat (r = -0.24, p =.18). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of body fat (LF/TF ratio) in elderly persons is a stronger determinant of insulin resistance and adiponectin levels than is trunk fat alone. The LF/TF ratio can be a useful tool to assess insulin sensitivity in the elderly population.

Wall suction applied to needle muscle biopsy - a novel technique for increasing sample size.

BACKGROUND: The needle biopsy technique described by Bergström is the most commonly used technique to obtain samples to assess muscle metabolism. Sampling of muscle, particularly the vastus lateralis, has become an essential tool in biomedical and clinical research. Optimal sample size is critical for availability of tissue for processing. To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel technique to obtain adequate sample size using wall suction applied to needle muscle biopsy, we collected samples from subjects in on-going clinical studies for gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Muscle biopsy samples of the vastus lateralis using 6 mm Bergström needles under local anesthesia were obtained from 55 subjects who had volunteered to participate in this research project. The vastus lateralis was biopsied according to the methods described by Bergström with a 6 mm biopsy needle. Wall suction was applied to the inner bore of the biopsy needle after the needle was inserted into the muscle. RESULTS: The mean sample of biopsy taken using the 6 mm was 233 mg (n = 55). The wall suction (200 mm Hg) applied to the needle pulled the surrounding tissue into the central bore of the needle. The quality of the samples was adequate for all biochemical assays. The biopsy technique did not result in any complications due to infection or bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Using a novel technique of connecting a 6 mm Bergström biopsy needle to wall suction, we have obtained 200 to 300 mg muscle biopsy specimens uniformly, with ease, and minimal discomfort. An increase in sample size allows for a wider variety of biochemical and histopathological analysis.

Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin resistance and body fat distribution in nonobese subjects without type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue is responsible for releasing various adipokines that have been related to insulin resistance. Understanding the relationship of these adipokines to insulin resistance may foster the development of new treatments for diabetes. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether an association between retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and insulin resistance exists in nonobese individuals without a family history or diagnosis of diabetes. The secondary objective was to determine by a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan which adipose tissue depot most closely relates to RBP4 levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 92 study participants ranging in age from 20 to 83 yr was performed. The range of body mass index (BMI) was from 18 to 30 kg/m(2). Exclusion criteria were a BMI greater than 30 kg/m(2), family history of diabetes, or a diagnosis of diabetes. Insulin sensitivity was determined by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Body fat was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. RESULTS: RBP4 values were lower in females (35.8 +/- 1.7 microg/ml) compared with males (39.9 +/- 1.4 microg/ml; P = 0.06). RBP4 levels were found to correlate negatively with insulin sensitivity (r = -0.32; P = 0.002) and positively with age (r = 0.38; P < 0.001). RBP4 levels did not correlate with BMI (r = -0.13; P = 0.22), trunk fat (r = 0.16; P = 0.22), or percent body fat (r = 0.07; P = 0.65). However, RBP4 levels did correlate with percent trunk fat (r = 0.36; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate a relationship between RBP4, insulin sensitivity, and percent trunk fat in individuals who may not have features of insulin resistance.

Atypical fibroxanthoma in a young woman: An unusual case presentation.

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is an uncommon neoplasm, identified as a spindle cell tumour that is generally found in elderly patients on sun-exposed areas. The majority of cases of AFX are benign, and metastasis is a rare phenomenon. The first case in the literature of AFX is described in a young woman with no previous risk factors who presented with a three-month history of an enlarging nodule of the left nasal alar. Excision showed the lesion to be composed of hyperchromatic, pleomorphic, vacuolated spindle cells and multinucleated giant cells. The tumour cells stained positive for macrophage-histiocyte antigen alpha(1)-antitrypsin, neurokinin-1, CD68 and alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin. The present case report highlights the importance of correct diagnosis for AFX with adequate excision and by considering the histopathology and immunohisto-chemistry of its clinical differential diagnosis.