Neighborhood racial income inequality and cognitive health.

INTRODUCTION: Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to dementia, but the distribution of SES within a neighborhood may also matter. METHODS: Data from 460 (47% Black, 46% White) older adults from the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project were linked to census tract-level data from the National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA). Neighborhood SES included two composites reflecting disadvantage and affluence. Neighborhood racial income inequality was the ratio of median incomes for White versus Black residents. Generalized estimating equations examined associations between neighborhood factors and cognitive domains. RESULTS: Neighborhood racial income inequality was uniquely associated with worse cognitive health, and these associations did not differ by participant race. Neighborhood disadvantage was only associated with worse cognitive health among Black participants. DISCUSSION: Both the level and racial distribution of SES within a neighborhood may be relevant for dementia risk. Racial differences in the level and impact of neighborhood SES contribute to dementia inequalities. HIGHLIGHTS: Black participants lived in neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status (SES) than White participants, on average. Neighborhood SES and racial income inequality were associated with worse cognition. Effects of neighborhood racial income inequality did not differ across racial groups. Effects of neighborhood SES were only evident among Black participants.

State variation in neighborhood COVID-19 burden across the United States.

BACKGROUND: A lack of fine, spatially-resolute case data for the U.S. has prevented the examination of how COVID-19 infection burden has been distributed across neighborhoods, a key determinant of both risk and resilience. Without more spatially resolute data, efforts to identify and mitigate the long-term fallout from COVID-19 in vulnerable communities will remain difficult to quantify and intervene on. METHODS: We leveraged spatially-referenced data from 21 states collated through the COVID Neighborhood Project to examine the distribution of COVID-19 cases across neighborhoods and states in the U.S. We also linked the COVID-19 case data with data on the neighborhood social environment from the National Neighborhood Data Archive. We then estimated correlations between neighborhood COVID-19 burden and features of the neighborhood social environment. RESULTS: We find that the distribution of COVID-19 at the neighborhood-level varies within and between states. The median case count per neighborhood (coefficient of variation (CV)) in Wisconsin is 3078.52 (0.17) per 10,000 population, indicating a more homogenous distribution of COVID-19 burden, whereas in Vermont the median case count per neighborhood (CV) is 810.98 (0.84) per 10,000 population. We also find that correlations between features of the neighborhood social environment and burden vary in magnitude and direction by state. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore the importance that local contexts may play when addressing the long-term social and economic fallout communities will face from COVID-19.

A lack of data on the geographic location of COVID-19 cases in the U.S has limited our ability to examine how COVID-19 burden has been distributed across neighborhoods within U.S. states. It may be that certain neighborhoods have borne a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 and are more likely to experience greater long-term social and economic consequences from the pandemic. We used data from 21 states to examine the distribution of COVID-19 cases across neighborhoods and states in the U.S. We find that the distribution of COVID-19 varies widely both within neighborhoods in a state, and between states. We also find that the features of the neighborhood social environment that are correlated with neighborhood COVID-19 burden vary by state. Our findings show that the local neighborhood may play an important role in addressing long-term social and economic consequences from COVID-19.

Comparison of two area-level socioeconomic deprivation indices: Implications for public health research, practice, and policy.

OBJECTIVES: To compare 2 frequently used area-level socioeconomic deprivation indices: the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). METHODS: Index agreement was assessed via pairwise correlations, decile score distribution and mean comparisons, and mapping. The 2019 ADI and 2018 SVI indices at the U.S. census tract-level were analyzed. RESULTS: Index correlation was modest (R = 0.51). Less than half (44.4%) of all tracts had good index agreement (0-1 decile difference). Among the 6.3% of tracts with poor index agreement (≥6 decile difference), nearly 1 in 5 were classified by high SVI and low ADI scores. Index items driving poor agreement, such as high rents, mortgages, and home values in urban areas with characteristics indicative of socioeconomic deprivation, were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in index dimensions and agreement indicated that ADI and SVI are not interchangeable measures of socioeconomic deprivation at the tract level. Careful consideration is necessary when selecting an area-level socioeconomic deprivation measure that appropriately defines deprivation relative to the context in which it will be used. How deprivation is operationalized affects interpretation by researchers as well as public health practitioners and policymakers making decisions about resource allocation and working to address health equity.

State Variation in Neighborhood COVID-19 Burden: Findings from the COVID Neighborhood Project.

A lack of fine, spatially-resolute case data for the U.S. has prevented the examination of how COVID-19 burden has been distributed across neighborhoods, a known geographic unit of both risk and resilience, and is hampering efforts to identify and mitigate the long-term fallout from COVID-19 in vulnerable communities. Using spatially-referenced data from 21 states at the ZIP code or census tract level, we documented how the distribution of COVID-19 at the neighborhood-level varies significantly within and between states. The median case count per neighborhood (IQR) in Oregon was 3,608 (2,487) per 100,000 population, indicating a more homogenous distribution of COVID-19 burden, whereas in Vermont the median case count per neighborhood (IQR) was 8,142 (11,031) per 100,000. We also found that the association between features of the neighborhood social environment and burden varied in magnitude and direction by state. Our findings underscore the importance of local contexts when addressing the long-term social and economic fallout communities will face from COVID-19.

Comparison of Astigmatism Prediction Accuracy for Toric Lens Implantation from Two Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Devices.

Purpose: To compare the astigmatism prediction accuracy for toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation between two swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) devices: Argos (Movu, a Santec Company) and the IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec). Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of 59 eyes (44 patients) with corneal astigmatism and cataract that underwent cataract surgery or refractive lens exchange surgery with a toric IOL. Biometry was performed on all patients prior to cataract surgery and the Barrett toric IOL calculator was used. Visual acuity was measured postoperatively. Manifest refraction was measured at 1 month and compared to the predicted postoperative residual refraction. Preoperative K measurements between devices were also compared. Results: Mean cylinder prediction error was -0.17 ± 0.43 for Argos and 0.12 ± 0.56 for IOLMaster 700. The cylinder prediction error 0.5 D or less was not significantly different between the devices, with 83.1% (49 eyes) for Argos and 76.3% (45 eyes) for IOLMaster 700 (p = 0.206). Spherical equivalent prediction error was 0.13 ± 0.39 for Argos and 0.25 ± 0.50 for IOLMaster 700. The mean spherical equivalent prediction error 0.5 D or less was significantly different between the devices, with 79.7% (47 eyes) for Argos and 61.0% (36 eyes) for IOLMaster 700 (p = 0.016). Conclusion: The prediction accuracies were similar between the devices, except for spherical equivalent, where a higher percentage of eyes were 0.5 D or less of the prediction with the Argos compared to the IOLMaster.

Can Neighborhood Social Infrastructure Modify Cognitive Function? A Mixed-Methods Study of Urban-Dwelling Aging Americans.

Objectives: Socialization predicts cognitive aging outcomes. Neighborhoods may facilitate socially engaged aging and thus shape cognition. We investigated places where older adults socialized and whether availability of these sites was associated with cognitive outcomes. Methods: Qualitative analysis of interviews and ethnography with 125 older adults (mean age 71 years) in Minneapolis identified where participants socialized outside of home. This informed quantitative analysis of a national sample of 21,151 older Americans (mean age at baseline 67 years) from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study. Multilevel generalized additive models described associations between access to key social places and cognitive function and decline. Results: Qualitative analysis identified eateries, senior centers, and civic groups as key places to socialize. We identified significant positive associations between kernel density of senior centers, civic/social organizations, and cognitive function. Discussion: Specific neighborhood social infrastructures may support cognitive health among older adults aging in place.

Association between temperature exposure and cognition: a cross-sectional analysis of 20,687 aging adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Older adults are particularly vulnerable to the adverse health effects of extreme temperature-related events. A growing body of literature highlights the importance of the natural environment, including air pollution and sunlight, on cognitive health. However, the relationship between exposure to outdoor temperatures and cognitive functioning, and whether there exists any differences across climate region, remains largely unexplored. We address this gap by examining the temperature-cognition association, and whether there exists any variation across climate regions in a national cohort of aging adults. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we obtained data on temperature exposure based on geocoded residential location of participants in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. For each participant, this information was linked to their cognitive scores from Word List Learning and Recall tests to assess cognitive functioning. We used distributed lag non-linear models (dlnm) to model temperature effects over 2 days. Multivariable linear regression was used to compute temperature-cognitive functioning associations, adjusted for important covariates. Region-specific ("Dry", "Mediterranean/oceanic", "Tropical" and "Continental") associations were examined by including an interaction term between climate region and temperature. RESULTS: Amongst 20,687 individuals (mean age = 67.8; standard deviation = 9.2), exposure to region-specific extreme cold temperatures in the "dry" region (e.g., Arizona) over 2 days was associated with lower cognitive scores (Mean Difference [MD]: -0.76, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: - 1.45, - 0.07). Associations remained significant for cumulative effects of temperature over 2 days. Extremely cold exposure in the "Mediterranean/oceanic" region (e.g., California) over 2 days was also associated with significantly lower cognitive performance (MD: -0.25, 95% CI: - 0.47, - 0.04). No significant associations were observed for exposure to hot temperatures. Cognitive performance was slightly higher in late summer and fall compared to early summer. CONCLUSION: We noted adverse cognitive associations with cold temperatures in traditionally warmer regions of the country and improved cognition in summer and early fall seasons. While we did not observe very large significant associations, this study deepens understanding of the impact of climate change on the cognitive health of aging adults and can inform clinical care and public health preparedness plans.

Weather Woes? Exploring Potential Links between Precipitation and Age-Related Cognitive Decline.

Rain, snow, or ice may discourage older adults from leaving their homes with potential consequences for social isolation, decreased physical activity, and cognitive decline. This study is the first to examine potential links between annual precipitation exposure and cognitive function in a large population-based cohort of older Americans. We examined the association between precipitation (percent of days with snow or rain in the past year) and cognitive function in 25,320 individuals aged 45+ from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. Linear mixed models assessed the relationship between precipitation and cognitive function, as well as rates of change in cognitive function with age. We found a non-linear relationship between precipitation and cognitive function. Compared to those exposed to infrequent precipitation (less than 20% of days with rain/snow in the past year), cognitive function was higher among older adults experiencing moderately frequent precipitation (20-40% of annual days with precipitation). However, beyond more than about 45% of days with precipitation in the past year, there was a negative association between precipitation and cognitive function, with faster rates of cognitive decline with age. These exploratory findings motivate further research to better understand the complex role of precipitation for late-life cognitive function.

Physical Intimate Partner Violence and Contraceptive Behaviors Among Young Women.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the link between physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and contraception is key to preventing unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study, a longitudinal study of a racially and socioeconomically diverse population-representative random sample of 18- to 19-year-old women residing in a Michigan county in 2008-2009 and followed weekly through 2011-2012, were used. Logistic regression models of contraceptive behaviors on temporally specific measures of physical violence victimization: recent, history in the current relationship, and history in prior relationships were conducted among 711 women. RESULTS: Women who experienced physical IPV in their current relationship had lower odds of using contraception (odds ratio [OR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28, 0.76 for recent; OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33, 0.83 for past). Condom use was lower among women who experienced past physical IPV in their current relationship (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26, 0.73), while withdrawal use was higher (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.24, 3.19). Women who experienced physical IPV used condoms less consistently (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.85 for recent; OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14, 0.52 for prior relationships). CONCLUSIONS: Physical IPV victimization is a dynamic and strong predictor of contraceptive use, method type, and consistency of condom use.

Snow and Rain Modify Neighbourhood Walkability for Older Adults.

The literature has documented a positive relationship between walkable built environments and outdoor mobility in older adults. Yet, surprisingly absent is any consideration of how weather conditions modify the impact of neighbourhood walkability. Using archived weather data linked to survey data collected from a sample of older adults in Vancouver, Canada, we found that car-dependent neighbourhoods (featuring longer block lengths, fewer intersections, and greater distance to amenities) became inaccessible in snow. Even older adults who lived in very walkable neighbourhoods walked to 25 per cent fewer destinations in snow. It is crucial to consider the impact of weather in the relationship between neighbourhood walkability and older adult mobility.

Cognitive function in the community setting: the neighbourhood as a source of 'cognitive reserve'?

BACKGROUND: Existing research has found a positive association between cognitive function and residence in a socioeconomically advantaged neighbourhood. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been empirically investigated. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that neighbourhood socioeconomic structure is related to cognitive function partly through the availability of neighbourhood physical and social resources (eg, recreational facilities, community centres and libraries), which promote cognitively beneficial activities such as exercise and social integration. METHODS: Using data from a representative survey of community-dwelling adults in the city of Chicago (N=949 adults aged 50 and over), cognitive function was assessed with a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status instrument. Neighbourhood socioeconomic structure was derived from US census indicators. Systematic social observation was used to directly document the presence of neighbourhood resources on the blocks surrounding each respondent's residence. RESULTS: Using multilevel linear regression, residence in an affluent neighbourhood had a net positive effect on cognitive function after adjusting for individual risk factors. For white respondents, the effects of neighbourhood affluence operated in part through a greater density of institutional resources (eg, community centres) that promote cognitively beneficial activities such as physical activity. Stable residence in an elderly neighbourhood was associated with higher cognitive function (potentially due to greater opportunities for social interaction with peers), but long term exposure to such neighbourhoods was negatively related to cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Neighbourhood resources have the potential to promote 'cognitive reserve' for adults who are ageing in place in an urban setting.

Using Google Earth to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit instrument.

Over the last two decades, the impact of community characteristics on the physical and mental health of residents has emerged as an important frontier of research in population health and health disparities. However, the development and evaluation of measures to capture community characteristics is still at a relatively early stage. The purpose of this work was to assess the reliability of a neighborhood audit instrument administered in the city of Chicago using Google Street View by comparing these "virtual" data to those obtained from an identical instrument administered "in-person". We find that a virtual audit instrument can provide reliable indicators of recreational facilities, the local food environment, and general land use. However, caution should be exercised when trying to gather more finely detailed observations. Using the internet to conduct a neighborhood audit has the potential to significantly reduce the costs of collecting data objectively and unobtrusively.

Perceptions of recent ophthalmology residency graduates regarding preparation for practice.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate young ophthalmologists' perceptions of how well residency training prepared them for various aspects of their clinical practice. DESIGN: Self-administered survey. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred sixty-nine United States ophthalmologists who have been in practice for < or =5 years. METHODS: A 4-page questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected sample of 900 U.S. members and fellows of the American Academy of Ophthalmology who had been in practice for < or =5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of perceived preparedness in clinical and nonclinical areas of ophthalmology practice. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-nine surveys were completed and returned (margin of error, +/-5%). Analysis of tabulated results indicated that 86% said they were extremely or very well prepared to practice comprehensive ophthalmology after residency training. Even so, about half of those respondents also desired some additional clinical training, and two thirds felt the need for some additional training in surgical areas (refractive, oculoplastics/orbital, glaucoma, retina, and pediatric ophthalmic surgery). At least 60% reported being not very or not at all well prepared in 6 of the nonclinical areas explored (business operations and finance, personal financial management, practice management skills, coding and reimbursement, political advocacy, and exposure to practice setting models). With the exception of personal financial management, most ophthalmologists thought training in all of these nonclinical areas was the responsibility of the residency training program. CONCLUSION: The transition from residency training to successful, efficient, ethical, high-quality ophthalmic practice demands a number of skills in addition to diagnostic acumen and surgical ability. In general, the U.S. residency program graduates surveyed are comfortable with their clinical training, but less so with their training in nonclinical areas. Opportunities to help ophthalmologists prepare better for the transition to clinical practice after training appear to exist and might be addressed by training programs, professional organizations, informal physician networks, and other stakeholders.

Retinal function assessed by ERG before and after induction of ocular aspergillosis and treatment by the anti-fungal, micafungin, in rabbits.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new antifungal drug, micafungin, and standard antifungal drugs against endophthalmitis induced in a rabbit by intravitreal injection of Aspergillus fumigatus, an important fungal pathogen. Effectiveness was evaluated by the preservation of b-wave amplitude at 72 h after injection of the fungus relative to the b-wave amplitude at baseline before any intravitreal injections. A 0.06 ml inoculum of 10(6) conidia of A. fumigatus was injected into the vitreous of the right eye of all rabbits; and, 12 h later, a 0.06 ml solution containing one of 3 antifungal drugs or saline was injected into the vitreous of both eyes. All three antifungal drugs produced significant b-wave preservation at 72 h in infected eyes compared to that in infected eyes receiving saline injections. There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of micafungin and amphotericin B in the right eyes with fungal endophthalmitis, and both produced significantly more preservation of b-wave amplitude than voriconazole. Amphotericin B, but neither micafungin nor voriconazole produced significant reduction of the b-wave amplitude in the left eyes.

Photodynamic actions of indocyanine green and trypan blue on human lens epithelial cells in vitro.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and photodynamic activity of indocyanine green (ICG) and trypan blue (TryB) on cultured human lensepithelial cells (LECs). DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: Lens epithelial cell viability was assessed after treatment with ICG and TryB concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 5.0 mg/ml, and exposure to 806 nm diode laser. RESULTS: At ICG concentrations below 0.5 mg/ml, there was > or =75% cell viability; at higher ICG concentrations there was dose-dependent cytotoxicity in addition to loss of cellular viability due to ICG photosensitization. TryB had little cytotoxicity to the LECs: >80% cells were viable irrespective of the dye concentration or laser treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that ICG may have application as a photosensitizer in the selective eradication of residual LECs after cataract surgery to reduce the incidence of posterior capsule opacification.

Isolated herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis in a neonate born by cesarean delivery.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can be devastating in the neonate. The disease most commonly presents as 1 of 3 clinical manifestations: disseminated visceral infection (with and without central nervous system involvement), isolated meningoencephalitis, and infection limited to the skin, eyes, and/or mucous membranes (SEM). Exposure leading to neonatal infection typically occurs as peripartum vertical transmission, most typically by direct contact with urogenital lesions or infected genital secretions, or as an ascending infection exploiting disrupted chorioamniotic membranes. We present a novel case of a newborn girl who developed HSV-2 keratoconjunctivitis despite being delivered via an elective, uncomplicated, repeat cesarean over intact chorioamniotic membranes in the absence of active clinical maternal HSV infection and despite having a negative medical history of previous orolabial or genital herpetic infection.

Antibody-targeted photodynamic therapy.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of conjugation of verteporfin (Visudyne, Parkedale Pharmaceuticals, Rochester, Minnesota, USA) to antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor. DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: Rabbit antimouse vascular endothelial growth factor polyclonal antibody was conjugated to verteporfin. Fluorescence excitation-emission spectra of verteporfin and conjugate were examined. Vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing murine endothelial cells were incubated with saline, verteporfin, or conjugate, followed by laser exposure or no laser exposure. Cell viability at 1 and 24 hours was assessed via trypan blue exclusion. Results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with replication and the Bonferroni multiple comparison test. RESULTS: The fluorescence excitation-emission spectrum of the conjugate was similar to that of verteporfin. After laser exposure, cell viability in conjugate-treated cells was reduced to 6% at 1 hour (P <.0001) and to 4% at 24 hours (P <.0001), compared with approximately 40% in nonlaser-exposed, conjugate-treated cells. The cytotoxicity in the conjugate-treated cells was higher than in verteporfin-treated cells exposed to laser, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The conjugation of verteporfin to polyclonal antibody is possible without the loss of its photosensitizing properties. Conjugated verteporfin destroys cellular targets at least as effectively as verteporfin alone.